BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 



show that the different organisms have mem- 

 branes and tissues in common. 



Biot, Jean Baptiste, iii, 168. Born at Paris, 

 1774; died at Paris, 1862. French physician and 

 astronomer. Forsook the army for science. 

 1880 became Professor of Physics in the Col- 

 lege de France. Assisted in measuring the arc 

 of the meridian as the basis for the metric sys- 

 tem. Associated with Arago in many of his 

 experiments, and with Gay-Lussac made the 

 first balloon ascension for scientific purposes. 

 Made valuable contributions with regard to po- 

 larization of light. 



Birch, Samuel, i, 27. Born at London, 1813; 

 died at London, 1885. English archaeologist. 

 Keeper of Oriental antiquities in the British 

 Museum. Made a special study of the Egyptian 

 hieroglyphics. 



Black, Joseph, iv, 12. Born at Bordeaux, 

 France, 1728; died at Edinburgh, 1799. Scot- 

 tish chemist. In 1754 took his degree in medi- 

 cine at Edinburgh. Was professor of anatomy 

 and Lecturer on Chemistry at Glasgow. 1766 

 was made Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh. 

 He first clearly established the existence of 

 carbonic acid gas, and evolved the theory of lat- 

 ent heat, which opened the way for Watt's im- 

 provements in the steam-engine. 



Bond, William Cranch, iii, 44. Born at Port- 

 land, Me., 1789; died at Cambridge, Mass., 1859. 

 A self-educated American astronomer who at- 

 tracted much attention by his discoveries at his 

 private observatory, Dorchester, Mass. Super- 

 vised the construction of Harvard Observatory 

 and became its director. Invented a method of 



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