BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 



cian. Son of a farmer, he taught himself engra- 

 ving. Began to manufacture telescopes in 1844. 

 Was the first to make achromatic lenses in the 

 United States. The lenses of most of the great 

 telescopes of recent times were ground at the 

 establishment he founded for such purposes at 

 Cambridge, Mass. 



Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel, vi, 115. 

 Born at Koslin, Prussia, 1822; died at Bonn, 

 1888. German physicist who made a special 

 study of thermo-dynamics. 



Colding, Ludwig August, iii, 257. Born at 

 Arnakke, Denmark, 1815. Danish engineer and 

 meteorologist. Studied at Copenhagen and be- 

 came professor there. Made special investiga- 

 tions of tropical cyclones. 



Columbus, Christopher, ii, 50. Born near 

 Genoa, Italy, cir. 1446; died at Valladolid, Spain, 

 1506. Italian explorer. Started his career in 

 the wool-trade. Probably first went to sea about 

 1473, and lived in Lisbon until 1485, engaged in 

 map-making, and seafaring, one voyage, 1477, 

 taking him to Iceland. Convinced of the feasi- 

 bility of reaching the spice-countries of Asia by 

 a westward route, he sought financial assistance 

 from Venice and Portugal without avail. Finally 

 Queen Isabella became interested. An expedi- 

 tion was fitted out, and Columbus reached the 

 West Indies (probably Watlings Island), Octo- 

 ber 12, 1492. 



Cope, Professor Edward Drinker, iii, 113. 

 Born at Philadelphia, 1840; died at Philadelphia, 

 1897. American naturalist. Studied medicine. 

 Was Professor of Natural Science, Haverford 

 College, afterward Professor of Geology, Uni- 



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