BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 



were afterward universally adopted. He held 

 that clouds are composed of vapor that has 

 previously risen from the earth. 



Howe, Elias, ix, 93. Born at Spencer, Mass., 

 July 9, 1819; died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 3, 

 1867. American inventor. He invented a sew- 

 ing-machine in 1845, which is considered the 

 direct ancestor of all modern sewing-machines. 

 It used an eye-pointed needle, and a shuttle, such 

 as sewing-machines use at present. 



Huggins, Sir William. Born at London, Feb. 

 17, 1824; died in May, 1910. English astrono- 

 mer. He was a pioneer in utilizing spectroscopy 

 and photography together. In 1864 he discov- 

 ered that the planetary nebula in Draco consists 

 of luminous gas. In 1868, through use of the 

 spectroscope, he proved the existence of carbon 

 in comets. His name is closely associated with 

 most recent advances in spectrum analysis. 



Humboldt, Alexander von, iii, 192. Born at 

 Berlin, Sept. 14, 1769; died at Berlin, May 6, 

 1859. Celebrated German scientist and author. 

 In a paper on isothermal lines and the distri- 

 bution of heat on the earth he laid the founda- 

 tion for a science of comparative climatology. 

 He made extensive journeys in South America, 

 Mexico, Siberia and the Caspian Sea region for 

 scientific observation. His "Kosmos" published 

 in 1845-58 is perhaps the greatest of his books. 



Hunter, John, iv, 78. Born at Long Calder- 

 wood, Scotland, Feb. 13, 1728; died at London, 

 Oct. 1 6, 1793. British surgeon, anatomist and 

 physiologist. First to discover the system of 

 vessels known as lymphatics, although the func- 

 tion of these vessels was suggested by his 



