PART 11.] THE INSECTS WHICH VISIT FLOWERS. 59 
movements already mentioned, whose various actions we must 
now consider. — 
(1.) When the bee is sucking honey which is only just within 
its reach, all the movable joints of its suction-apparatus, cardines, 
the chitinous retractors at the base of the mentum, lamine, 
labial palps, and tongue, are fully extended, as in Fig. 18, except 
that the two proximal joints of the labial palps are closely applied 
Fia. 18. 
1.—Head of Bombus agrorum, F. 9, with completely extended and separated mouth-parts. Seen 
from above (x 5). 
2.—Mouth-parts of the Hive-bee, in the same position. Seen from below (x 12). 
Uv, the lower joints of the labial palps modified as a tongue-sheath ; x, piece covering the mouth, 
which lies between x and mt ‘epipharynz, Westwood); y, submentum (fulcrum, Kirby); 2 z, 
retractors, i.e. those chitinous pieces which unite the submentum with the ends of the cardines, 
and as they revolve backwards round the ends of the cardines, retract the mentum and its 
appendages. (Kirby calls z z the cardines, and ¢ ¢ lora,) “¢ 
to the tongue below, and the laminz to the mentum and hinder 
part of the tongue above. But as soon as the whorls of hairs 
at the point of the tongue are wet with honey, the bee by rotating 
the retractors (zz, Fig. 19) draws back the mentum, and with it 
the tongue, so far that the laminz now reach as far forward as the 
labial palps (i.e. to the point « in Fig. 18); and now laminz and 
labial palps together, lying close upon the tongue and overlapping 
