62 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART IT. 
(4.) The mouth-organs must assume exactly the same position 
when the bee bores into delicate tissues by means of the sharp 
points of its laminz; whether to secure the sap, as in the case 
of our orchids which secrete no free honey, or to reach deeply- 
placed honey through the aperture, as, for example, Bombus terres- 
tvis does in the case of meadow-clover and many other long-tubed 
flowers. 
(5.) In collecting pollen, hive-bees and humble-bees use their 
mouth-parts in two different ways to moisten it, according as it 
is the fixed pollen of entomophilous, or the loose, easily scattered 
pollen of anemophilous flowers. In the former case (e.g. when 
Apis mellifica collects pollen on Salix), the bee has its suctorial 
apparatus completely folded down (as in Fig. 21), bringing the 
mouth-opening, which lies between the base of the mandibles and 
the labrum, close over the pollen. The bee ejects a little honey on 
the pollen, and then takes it up by means of its tarsal brushes and 
places it in the baskets on the tibiz of its hindlegs; it often 
makes use of its mandibles to free the pollen, before moistening it 
with honey. In the latter case, which I have observed in Plantago 
lanceolata and which will be fully described in my account of that 
plant, the bee, hovering over the flower, ejects a little honey upon 
the anthers from its suction-tube, which is fully extended but 
completely sheathes the tongue. In this case, therefore, as when 
alighting to suck upon a flower or when boring into soft tissues, the 
base of the tongue is contained within the hollow of the mentum, 
and the retractors are directed backwards. Since hive-bees and 
humble-bees on entomophilous flowers suck honey with out- 
stretched proboscis and collect pollen with it folded up, and 
on anemophilous flowers collect pollen only, it follows that they 
can never suck honey and gather pollen simultaneously; they 
must always do first one and then the other, and since the pollen 
has to be moistened with honey, the act of sucking must always 
be the first. 
But all forms of bees which collect dry pollen among their 
feathery collecting-hairs, may, so far as the structure of the flower 
permits, gather pollen and suck honey at the same time, and they 
perform the latter action in exactly the same way as hive-bees 
and humble-bees do. Bees with abdominal collecting-apparatus 
may with the greatest ease perform both acts together on flowers 
which present their pollen from below. 
(6.) Finally, to place the mouth-parts in a position of rest, 
or to make use of the mandibles, the bee brings all the four 
