128 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART III. 
petals, and afterwards the .inner five, ripen and protrude from — 
the flower with an inclination outwards. They wither, curving — 
outwards and downwards, and then the two short styles, hitherto — 
bent inwards, elongate and protrude from the flower, diverging 
from one another. 
Visitors : A. Diptera—(a) Teeae : (1) Chrysops bib, Li, a4 
(b) Syrphide: (2) Eristalis eneus, L.; (3) E. nemorum, L. ; (4) E. arbus- 
torum, L., all three =e s. and fip.; (5) Syritta pipiens, Efe very ab. ; 
(6) Ascia podagrica, F.; (7) Syrphus balteatus, Deg. ; (8) Melithreptus 
pictus, Mgn. ; (9) M. teniatus, Mgn., alls. or fp. ; (¢) Muscide : (10) Pyrellia 
gains L. ; (11) Onesia floralis, Rob. Desv. ; (12) Sarcophaga carnaria, 
L;; (13) Lucilia silvarum, Mgn., all s.; (14) Anthomyia sp. ; (15) Sepsis. 
B. Hymenoptera—(a) Evaniide : (16) Feenus jaculator, FE. ; a Formicide : 
(17) several species ; (c) Sphegide : (18) Oxybelus uniglumis, L. ; (d) Vespide : 
(19) Odynerus simplex, F, ; (20) O. parietum, L.,—all the Hymenoptera 8. 
er a ee 
Gypsophila repens, L., when flowering on sunny slopes of the — 
Alps where insects are plentiful, is so distinctly proterandrous $ 
that spontaneous self-fertilisation is impossible. In less favourable — 
localities it fertilises itself when not visited by insects (609). 
Saponaria ocymoides, L., is distinctly proterandrous, and is 
frequented by butterflies. It clothes sunny gravelly slopes in 
the sub-alpine region with its handsome red flowers. I saw it © 
visited by thirty-three species of Lepidoptera, twenty-eight of — 
which were butterflies, besides some humble-bees and Bombylide. 
Saponaria vaccaria, L., is also fertilised by butterflies (590, 11.). 
: 
56. SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS, L.—This species is adapted for ' 
nocturnal Lepidoptera, as the foregoing species of Saponaria and ; 
Dianthus are for the diurnal forms, The bright colour and elegant — 
markings which attract butterflies are absent: the flowers are of — 
one colour, and their scent is strongest in the evening. As in the — 
other species, the honey lies hidden in the base of a long narrow — 
tube. The calyx-tube is 18 to 21mm. long, but the claws of the — 
petals stand a few millimetres higher. The flowers are markedly | 
proterandrous. First, the five outer stamens protrude a few milli- — 
metres from the flower, and dehisce immediately over its entrance; 
afterwards they spread apart and leave the entrance free. The five 
inner stamens now follow the same course, turning, as the others — 
did, the pollen-covered surface of their anthers upwards. The — 
styles are still inclosed within the tube, and are only slightly — 
separated at their apices. When the inner stamens have withered, 
the two styles grow up out of the flower, and spread apart, turning 
