144 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART III. 
from the flowers, though attracted by them; (b) Syrphide: (29) Rhingia 
rostrata, L., s., ab. C. Lepidoptera—(30) Pieris rape, L.,s. D. Coleoptera— 
(31) Haltica fuscicornis, L., in the flowers. See also No. 590, 11. 
70. MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. :— 
Visitors: Hymenoptera—Apide: (1) Apis mellifica, L. $; (2) Bombus 
agrorum, F. §; (3) Anthophora quadrimaculata, F. ¢; (4) Halictus morio, 
F, g,all sucking. See also No. 590, 11. 
The following observation shows that even Malva silvestris is 
not perfectly adapted to its conditions of life. In the afternoon, 
when the flowers begin to close, I have very often seen hive-bees — 
clambering up the outside of the calyx of closed but still fresh — 
flowers; thrusting the proboscis past the sepals, they emptied the 
nectaries from outside. Sometimes I have even seen bees, after 
sucking several closed flowers in this manner, perform the same 
operation on the next open flower. Thus the flowers of Malva 
silvestris have not sufficiently secured their honey from plunder. 
71. Marva Atcrea, L.—The flowers standing on longer stalks, — 
and expanding their rosy petals to a diameter of 40 mm., — 
are still more conspicuous than those of J. silvestris. Self- 
fertilisation is obviated by the same arrangement as in I. silvestris, 
and insect-visits are probably at least equally numerous. I have 
only once, in scarcely favourable weather, observed a few specimens 
in flower (July 13, 1868). 
Hymenoptera—Apide: (1) Apis mellifica, L.$, very ab., s. covering | 
itself with pollen; (2) Cilissa heemorrhoidalis, F. 9, s ; (3) Halictus 
cylindricus, F.?,s. See also No. 590, 11. | 
72. MALVA MoscuaTA, L.—The flowers are as distinctly pro- — 
terandrous as those of the three foregoing species. According to a — 
sketch which I made in 1867, the ends of the filaments curve down- 
wards on the withering of the anthers; the stigmas spread out 
above them, apparently obviating self-fertilisation. However, at — 
that time I did not pay particular attention to cases where self- 
fertilisation occurs in default of insect-visits. 
Visitors: A. Hymenoptera—A pide : (1) Apis mellifica, L. $, s.; (2) Che- 
lostoma nigricorne, L. ?, s.; (8) Andrena Coitana, K. ¢, s. (Sld.). B, 
Diptera Bombylide : (4) Systoechus sulfureus, Mikan s. (Sld.), C. Lepidop- 
tera : (5) Hesperia silvanus, Esp., s. 
Delpino mentions Xylocopa violacea as a visitor of the Malvacew 
(172). Dr. Ogle says (631) that in many Malvacee anthers 
