272 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART IIT, 
least 3 mm. long, or are strong enough to push apart the floral 
organs which protect it. Accordingly, in connection with the fully — 
developed proterandry, cross-fertilisation alone, as in all other 
Umbellifers, can take place. Hryngiwm shares only slightly in that 
special advantage which Umbellifers in general possess from having 
their flowers massed together in one surface, for the bristle-like 
bracts render it difficult for the insects to go creeping about 
the umbel. This disadvantage is somewhat atoned for by the 
richer secretion and better protection of the honey. Hence, in spite 
of the prickly flowers, insect-visits are by no means scarce, but in 
sunny weather we see the’ plant abundantly visited by wasps and 
flies, bees coming in much smaller numbers. I have observed as 
visitors and fertilisers :— i 
} 
A. Hymenoptera—(a) Sphegide; (1) Cerceris albofasciata, Dlb., scarce 2 
(2) C. labiata, F., ab. ; (3) G. nasuta, K1., ab. ; (4) C. variabilis, Schr., not rare ; _ 
(5) Philanthus triangulum, F. ; (6) Asanoptile sabulosa, L., ab. ; (7) Tiphia 
femorata, F.; (8) Priocnemis bipunctatus, F. 9; (d) Feopidins (9) Odynerus — 
parietum, L. 9; (10) Polistes gallica, L., and var. diadema, very ab., almost 
always to be found in sunny eeithon= (c) Chryside: (11) Chiereda sp., all 
sucking ; (d) Apide: (12) Nomada Roberjeotiana, Pz. 9; (13) Andrena — 
Rose, Pz. 2; (14) Halictus cylindricus, F. ¢; (15) H. longulus, Sm. ¢; (16) 
Apis mellifica, L. %; all only sucking. B. Diptera—(a) Syrphide: (17) 
Eristalis tenax, L. ; (18) E. arbustorum, L. ; (19) E. nemorum, L. ; (20) Helo-— 
philus floreus, L.; all four abundant; (6) Muscide : (21) Lucilia Caesar, L. ; 
(22) Sarcophaga carnaria, L.; (23) Echinomyia fera, L.; (24) species of 
Anthomyia, all sucking. m 
173. ASTRANTIA MAJOR, L.—In Astrantia major, the special 
advantages which most of the other forms develop so fully, and 
resemble each other so much in, are very little developed. 
The umbels are simple, their florets form no close-packed 
surface, the petals remain rolled up in the middle of the flower, — 
and while they thus protect the honey from rain, they make it 
less accessible and the flowers less conspicuous. Although the last 
objection is to some extent removed by the bright white bracts, 
insect-visits are less abundant than to most other forms of this 
order, I have noted the following in my garden at Lippstadt :— 
A. Hymenoptera—Apide: (1) Andrena albicrus, K. ¢; (2) Prosopis | 
signata, Pz. ¢; (3) Pr. armillata, Nyl. ¢, all three sucking. B. Diptera— | 
(a) Syrphide : (4) Eristalis arbustorum, L., fp. and Lh. ; (b) Muscidae : (5) 
Lucilia cornicina, F., l.h. ; (6) Miltogramma. punctata, Mgn. C, Coleoptera— 
Dermestida : (7) Anthrenus pimpinelle, F, On the Alps I have found the 
plant visited by seven species of Coleoptera, three Diptera, two edane e 
and one butterfly (609). 
