280 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART IIT. 
peculiar nature of the anthers which, before dehiscence, are 
bent backwards outside the flower, and afterwards, erecting 
themselves slightly, stand pointing obliquely outwards, and 
easily fall off altogether at the coming of an insect; (2) the 
complete proterandry, so fully developed that every trace of 
anthers has disappeared when the stigmas arrive at maturity ; 
(3) the loss of regularity in the separate flowers for the good of 
the community, the outer petals developing at the cost of the 
inner ones, 
As in the forms just mentioned, we find visiting Anthriscus 
silvestris a very miscellaneous company of insects, chiefly with 
short proboscides, to lick up the flat layer of honey from the 
disk ; a few bumble-bees and Muscidz to feed on pollen, anda — 
few bees to collect it, As they pass quickly over the surface of — 
the umbels, and frequently fly from one to another, they easily 
dust their body and legs with pollen upon young flowers, and 
accomplish numerous cross-fertilisations in a short time. 
I have repeatedly found hive-bees collecting pollen on 
Anthriscus silvestris; they ran over the umbels with the utmost 
speed, so quickly that I could not follow with my eye the act of 
pollen-gathering, and they stripped off many anthers completely. — 
In spite of their industry, which is so often very useful to other 
flowers, they are of little or no use to Anthriscus silvestris ; 
for they take away the pollen, but never or only rarely go to 
umbels in the second stage, and so seldom or never effect 
cross-fertilisation. | 
Visitors: A. Diptera—(a) Stratiomyide : (1) Nemotelus pantherinus, L. ; 
(2) Stratiomys Chameleon, Deg. ; (b) Empide: (3) Empis punctata, F.; — 
(4) E. stercorea, L. ; (c) Syrphide : (5) Syrphus corolle, F. ; (6) S. ribesii, L. ; _ 
(7) Melithreptus scriptus, L. ; (8) M. pictus, Mgn. ; (9) Ascia podagrica, F.; 
(10) Eristalis arbustorum, L. ; (11) E. pertinax, Scop. ; (12) Helophilus floreus, — 
L. ; (13) Syritta pipiens, L..; (d) Muscide: (14) Echinomyia fera, L.; (15) — 
Zophomyia tremula, Scop. ; (16) Sarcophaga sp. ; (17) Lucilia sericata, Mgn. ; 
(18) Musca corvina, F. ; (19) Graphomyia maculata, Scop. ; (20) Scatophaga 
merdaria, F, ; (21) S. stercoraria, L., ab. ; (22) Sepsis sp. ; (23) Psila fimetaria, 
L. ; (e) Bibionide : (24) Bibio hortulanus, F.; (f) Tipulide: (25) Pachyr- — 
rhina crocata, L. ; (26) P. pratensis, L. B. Coleoptera—(a) Nitidulide: (27) — 
Epureea sp. ; (28) Meligethes ; (b) Elateride: (29) Synaptus filiformis, F. ; 
30) Lacon murinus, L., freq. ; (81) Athous niger, L. ; (82) Corymbites quereus, 
Ill. ; (¢) Malacodermata : (33) Telephorus fuseus, L. ; (84) T. rusticus, F. ; 
(35) T. lividus, L. ; (86) Malachius wneus, L.; (87) M. bipustulatus, F. ; (d) 
Cistelide : (38) Cistela murina, L. ; (e) Mordellide: (39) Mordella fasciata, 
F. ; (40) M. pumila, Gyll. ; (f) Curculionide : (41) Bruchus, freq. ; (g) Ceram- 
bycide ; (42) Clytus arietis, L.; (43) Pachyta collaris, L. (Thur); (44) P. 
