288 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART I 1. 
surface, is much more easily licked up by the tongues of short-_ 
lipped insects, or by the end-flaps (/abelle) of Diptera, than by : 
the long proboscis of bees. I have never seen bees upon the — 
flowers of C. sanguinea, although they may occasionally frequent — 
them for the sake of pollen or even honey; but I have noticed — 
many other insects licking the honey on these flowers. £ 
Since the anthers are developed at the same time as the 
stigma, and since they open inwards and stand on a level with 
it at a little distance, the insect, alighting on the flower and 
bending its head down to the fleshy disk, generally touches the 
stigma with one side of its head or body and one or two anther: 
with the other; and so passing from flower to flower, and touchin 
the stigma now with one side of its head now with the other, 
Fie. 95.—Cornus sanguinea, L.. 
} 
1.—Flower, from above. 
2.—Ditto, in side view. 
it produces cross-fertilisation, especially as in its movements it 
touches anthers and stigmas with its legs or the underside of its 
body. Only the smaller insects (Witidulide, Byturus, small Diptera) 
which creep about irregularly in the flowers can occasion sel 
fertilisation also. In default of insect-visits, pollination, and evel 
cross-pollination, may here and there occur by the stigma acci- 
dentally touching an anther of a neighbouring flower. 
Visitors : A. Coleoptera—(a) Nitidulide : (1) Thalycra sericea, Er.; (2) Me ; 
gethes ; (b) Dermestide : (3) we ibe fumatus, F.; (¢) Llateride : (4) Dolopius 
ees .; (5) Athous niger, L.; (d) Curculionide: (6) Otiorhynchus 
picipes, F. ; (e) Cer apps ere (7) Strangalia atra, F. ; (8) Str. armata, Hbst. ; 
(9) Str. attenuate, L .; (10) Grammoptera lurida, F. ; (11) Gr. levis, F.; (fF) 
Malacodermata : a”) Telephorus pellucidus, F. B. Diptera—(a) Empide: 
(13) Empis livida, L. ; (6) (14) a small midge in very great numbers. © 
Hymenoptera—Sphegide : (15) Pompilus sp. ; all the visitors were licki 
honey on the fleshy disk. See also No. 590, 11. 
