arr] ‘THE MECHANISMS OF FLOWERS. 295 
msect and afterwards to the stigma by their sticky surface, and 
by the aid of small, sharp processes with which they are thickly 
covered. 
The visits of the above-named Lepidoptera result, in spite of 
he simultaneous development of anthers and stigma, regularly in 
sross-fertilisation, in consequence of the position of the stigma in 
\dvance of the anthers. The stamens project about 15 to 18 mm. 
nd the style about 25 mm. beyond the mouth of the flower; both 
re slightly curved upwards at their ends, and the pollen-covered 
aces of the anthers are turned upwards, Lepidoptera, whether 
hey alight, or suck the honey while. poised in the air, must 
touch first the stigma and then the anthers with their ventral 
surfaces. | 
_ On warm, calm evenings, insect-visits are so abundant that on 
he following day all the flowers are found to have had their pollen 
mtirely removed. On the other hand, on days following cool, 
vindy evenings, the flowers display abundant pollen, which is then 
rathered by bees and flies. 
- On such days I have found the honey-bee and Halictus 
eanotatus, K. 2, busy ‘collecting, and several Syrphide, Yylota 
wy quis, L., Rhingia rostrata, L., and Syrphus ochrostoma, Zett., busy 
eding on the pollen which remained upon the anthers. These 
Boondary visitors occasionally effect fertilisation, but they must 
orm self-fertilisation as readily as cross-fertilisation, and at any 
ate the flower has not been adapted for them. 
— Lonicera cerulea, L.—The yellowish-white flowers are adapted 
_ for humble-bees, by which they are chiefly visited and fertilised. 
__ The tube is over 10 mm. long and pendulous. The stigma stands 
ell in advance of the anthers, favouring cross-fertilisation ; but in 
he absence of insects, pollen may easily fall on the stigma and 
fect self-fertilisation (609). 
| ionicerc Periclymenum, L.—The general structure of the flower 
es embles that of LZ. Caprifoliwm, and the plant is visited and fer- 
4 ed by the same hawk-moths. The tube, however, is only 
2 to 25 mm. long, so: that the honey as soon as it has collected 
| 0 the depth of a few millimetres is accessible to many of our bees. 
On July 17, 1867, I saw Bombus hortorum, L. 2 (21 mm.), sucking 
honey from some flowers of L. Periclymenum. The bee wasted 
considerable time in obtaining a convenient position for sucking, 
and it crawled from the broad upper lip to the mouth of the tube 
: w without touching the stigma and anthers; and the amount of 
ney it obtained must have been small, fos after visiting a few © 
