PART I11.] THE MECHANISMS OF FLOWERS. 297 
flowers it flew away, though the plants were in full bloom. Bees, 
therefore, are only accidental visitors, which have had no influence 
in developing the special characters of the flower. 
203. Lonicera TATARICA, L.—Honey is secreted and lodged in 
the shallow pouch at the base of the tube, which is 6 to7 mm. long. 
Stigma and anthers are matured simultaneously, and protrude from 
the flower in close proximity with one another, the stigma being 
slightly overtopped by the anthers. An insect-visitor inserts its 
head between the anthers and stigma, and so dusts one side with 
pollen while the other comes in contact with the stigma. The 
flowers stand unsymmetrically in pairs, causing the insect’s head to 
_ enter in various positions and so favouring cross-fertilisation. When 
__ the stigma is thrust aside, its opposite side usually comes in contact 
_ with those anthers which are not touched by the insect’s head, and 
it thus becomes dusted simultaneously with the pollen of its own 
_ flower. Flowers are frequently found in which the stigma is in 
close contact with one or two anthers, and self-fertilisation doubtless 
often takes place in absence of insects. 
Visitors: A, Hymenoptera—Apide: (1) Apis mellifica, L. $,s., ab. ; (2) 
Megachile centuncularis, L. ¢,s. ; (3) Andrena albicans, K. ?, ae in vain 
to reach the honey. B. Diptera—Syrphide: (4) Rhingia rostrata, L., s. and 
 fip., very ab. 
Lonicera nigra, L.—This species is adapted for bees, which alight 
not on the under lip, which is bent backwards out of the way, but 
on the style and stamens. The flowers are homogamous. The 
Stigma stands below the anthers, and in absence of insects 
 Self-fertilisation must occur (609, Fig. 159). 
| 
| q 204. LonicerRA XyLostEuM, L.—Honey is secreted and lodged 
sin L. tatarica, but the tube is only 3to4mm. long. The anthers 
. * stigma are matured simultaneously and project far beyond the 
mouth of the flower ; the former are divergent and stand at a dis- 
tance from the sigue Humble-bees thrust their heads some- 
_ times to one side sometimes to the other, sometimes above some- 
_ times below the anthers, and in the course of repeated visits they 
_ dust their heads (or head and thorax) all round with pollen. In 
_ €ach flower one side of the bee’s head touches the stigma and the 
_ other the anthers, so that cross-fertilisation proceeds regularly. I 
_ have never found flowers in which the anthers stood in immediate 
1 See No. 590, 111. p. 75, fora case of atavism in this species. 
