ae 
oak a seh r. ae * 02 
PART U1. | THE MECHANISMS OF FLOWERS. 301 
and f.p., not rare; (d) Muscide: (6) Musca corvina, F.; (7) Scatophaga 
 merdaria, F., s. ; (e) Tipulide : (8) Pachyrrhina crocata, L.,s. B. Hymenoptera 
—-Sphegide: (9) Ammophila sabulosa, L. 9, once only,—I could not see 
whether it gained anything from the flowers. See also No. 590, 111. 
Galium silvestre, Poll—This species resembles G. Mollugo in 
_ the mechanism of its flower; it is frequented on the Alps by 
_ Syrphidz and by numerous Lepidoptera (No. 609, Fig. 156). 
206. GALIUM vErUM, L.—The structure of the flower agrees 
; closely with that of G. Mollugo. Different individuals show a very 
_ marked difference in the size of their flowers (Fig. 105, 1—4) ; but 
_ since the flowers are rendered conspicuous merely by aggregation, 
a diminution in their size does not diminish the number of 
 insect-visitors so seriously as it does in most cases. The apparently 
unimportant circumstance that the flowers are bright yellow, and 
Fic. 105.—Galium verum, L. 
1.—Young flower, of a small-flowered plant (x 7). The anthers are erect, and covered with 
' pe: the stigma is not yet mature. 
2.—Older flower, of the same plant. The shrivelled anthers are bent out of the flower ;*the 
oe are mature and divergent. 
3.—F lower, of a large-flowered plant; older than 1, but younger than 2 (x 7). 
4.— Ditto, from the side. 
not yellowish-white as in G. Mollugo, leads to the plant being 
visited by Coleoptera in addition to the other orders. 
G. verwm is very scarce near Lippstadt, and I have only 
watched its flowers once or twice in Thuringia and in Sauerland, so 
I have not obtained a long list of insect-visitors. 
A. Diptera—(a) Conopide : (1) Conops flavipes, L. (Sld.) ; (6) Muscide : 
_ (2) Ulidia erythrophthalma, Mgn., ab., 1-h.(Th.). B. Soleo sters—{a) Lamelli- 
cornia : (3) Cetonia aurata, L., ab. (Th, ; ; (b) Elateride: (4) Agriotes gallicus, 
lap, (Th.) ; (c) Mordellide : "(5) Mordella fasciata, F. (Th.) ; (6) M. oe 
L, (Th.). C. Hymenoptera—Tenthredinide : (7) Tenthredo rape, K. (Sld.). 
See also No. 590, II. 
Galiwm boreale, L.—This species agrees with G. silvestre in regard 
to the position of its honey, its imperfect proterandry, the relative 
Positions of stamens and pistil, and therefore also in the probability 
‘of cross-fertilisation in case of insect-visits, and the possibility of 
self-fertilisation in absence of insects ( 590, 609). 
