302 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. | PART III, 
Galium boreale, L., palustre, L., and uliginosum, L., are all stated 
by Axell to be proterandrous (17). 
Galium tricorne, With.—Honey is abundant, but the small 
isolated flowers are very inconspicuous and very little visited. 
They cannot dispense with the power of self-fertilisation, which 
takes place regularly, as the stamens do not curve outwards till 
they wither (590, 111.). 
207. ASPERULA CYNANCHICA, L.—Honey is secreted, as in 
Galium, by a fleshy ring surrounding the base of the style, but it 
exists not as a smooth adherent layer but filling up the base of the 
tube ; the latter is 2mm. long. Anthers and stigmas mature sim- 
ultaneously. The two stigmas stand close together in the middle of 
Fic. 106.—Asperula cynanchica, L. 
1.—Flower, with smooth white petals, from above (x 7). 
2.—Ditto, after removal of half of the corolla. 
3.—Ditto, with rough petals, marked with red lines. 
4. —Ditto, from above. 
ov, ovary ; », nectary; st, stigma; a, anther. 
the tube; the anthers converge towards one another in the throat of 
the corolla. In case of insect-visits, cross-fertilisation is favoured 
by this condition only, that in consequence of the convergence of 
the anthers the proboscis of an insect-visitor is less readily dusted 
with pollen in entering a flower than in being drawn out, and also 
that the proboscis usually comes in contact with pollen on one side 
only and rubs the stigma with the opposite side (cf. J/yosotis). 
In absence of insects, self-fertilisation occurs by part of the pollen 
falling on the stigma. On sunny slopes in Thuringia (Miihlberg, near 
Erfurt) I found this species bearing two different forms of flowers. 
Many plants had smooth, white, somewhat obtuse petals (Fig. 106, 
1 The following additional species of Golium are discussed in No, 590, lI. : G. 
savatile, L. ; G. stlvatiewm, L, 
