308 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART 11. 
a... 
others having only female flowers with a small corolla. The latter — 
retain their stamens in an apparently almost perfect form, but their 
anthers do not contain a single grain of pollen (609). 
Valeriana tripteris, L., is dicecious. In this species also there 
are large-flowered and steaill- flowered plants, but the larger flowers 
are not hermaphrodite as in V. montana, but male only; they 
retain a style, but stigmatic papille are not developed (609). 
These four species of Valeriana form an interesting series :— — 
V. officinalis, with one kind of individual only, and proterandrous F 
hermaphrodite flowers; V. montana, with large-flowered and small- 
flowered individuals, the anthers in the latter being abortive ; 
V. tripteris, in a similar condition, but with the pistil in the large- 
flowered individuals rudimentary also; finally, V. dioica, also — 
dicecious, but exhibiting four different nds of individuals (609). 
Valeriana cordifolia, L., is distinctly proterogynous, according to — 
Ricca (665). 
Centranthus ruber, D.C., and Fedia cornucopia, are distinctly 
proterandrous, according to Delpino (178). 
| Valerianella olitoria, Much.—I have found this plant visited — 
by four Coleoptera, eighteen Diptera, one Hemiptera, eleven Apidee, — 
and two Lepidoptera (590, III). 
Orv. DIPSACE. 
Morina elegans.—The stigma is developed at the same time 
as the anthers, but overtops them, so that insect-visitors touch first 
the stigma and then the anthers, and usually effect cross-fertilisation. 
In the absence of insects the stigma curls inwards so as to touch 
the anthers and lead to self-fertilisation (356). 
210. Dipsacus sILvEestRIs, L.—The tube is 9 to 11 mm. long; 
the flower is markedly proterandrous; the style divides into two 
branches, whose inner surfaces are closely covered with stigmatic 
papillze, but one of which is always partly, and sometimes entirely, 
aborted. The bracts stand up from the convex head as stiff, sharp 
spines; they distinctly overtop the anthers and stigmas and pre- 
vent them from being touched by the ventral surface of a bee 
creeping over the inflorescence. The anthers and stigmas are only 
touched by the bee’s head as it is inserted in the flower; and in 
this process one stigma is in the way of the other, and the whole 
stigmatic surface of one is much more thoroughly rubbed by the 
bee’s head when the other is absent. We seem to have here in 
