324 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [parr — 
Muscidae : (8) Ocyptera cylindrica, F.,s. C. Lepidoptera—(a) Rhopalocera : 
(9) Polyommatus dorilis, Hfn. ; (10) Lyceena alsus, W. V.; (6) Noctue: (11) 
Plusia gamma, L., all three s. 
Tribe Jnuloidee. 
222. GNAPHALIUM LUTEOALBUM, L., as a rule only comes into 
bloom at Lippstadt in September. On the wet, sandy places 
where it grows, it is by far the most conspicuous plant, especially 
as it grows associated in considerable numbers. One sunny day 
at noon (Sept. 29, 1869) I noticed the following insects upon its 
capitula :— 
Visitors: A. Hymenoptera—(a) Apide: (1) Sphecodes gibbus, L. ¢ 9, 
several varieties including ephippia, L., s. ; (2) Halictus sexsignatus, Schenck, — 
3 9,8.; (b) Sphegide : (3) Pompilus viaticus, L., s.; (4) Ceropales maculata — 
F.,s. B. Diptera—(a) Syrphide: (5) Melithreptus scriptus, L.; (6) Melano- — 
stoma mellina, L., both f.p.; (6) Muscide: (7) Lucilia, freq.; (8) Pollenia — 
rudis, F., both f.p. 
Gnaphalium uliginosum, L.—On the inconspicuous capitula of ; 
this plant I once caught Sphecodes ephippra, L., s. | 
223. PULICARIA DYSENTERICA, Giirtn.—The disk of the capitu- 
lum consists of more than 600 florets. Each floret has a tube about 
4. mm. long, narrow below and wider above, terminating in five 
triangular teeth. I could not discover that the honey rose up — 
into the wider part of the tube, but even without its doing so it — 
is accessible to moderately short-lipped insects. In these florets — 
of the disk no part of the style, except its two stigmatic branches, 
protrudes from the anther-cylinder, The stigmas spread apart 
horizontally, close above the corolla, in the same spot where the — 
pollen lay in the first stage, so that here also many florets can be — 
fertilised simultaneously by an insect-visitor. The branches of — 
the style are covered over their whole inner surfaces with stig-— 
matic papillee, and on the upper third of their outer surfaces with — 
hairs which point obliquely upwards. Along the edges of the 
triangular valves which form the upper end of the anther-cylinder 
stand unicellular hairs, which are much longer and thicker than 
the sweeping-hairs on the style and which serve to hold the 
pollen that has been swept out of the anther-cylinder, The disk — 
is surrounded by nearly 100 marginal florets, each of which has 
an outer golden-yellow lobe 5 to 7 mm. long; in these the tube is 
2 to3 mm. long, and from it a style protrudes identical with that in 
