§ 
336 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART III. 
(Thuringia) ; (16) Heriades truncorum, L. 9 d,s. ande.p. (b) Tenthredinide : 
(17) Tarpa cephalotes, F. (Thur.) B. Diptera—(a) Stratiomyide : (18) Odonto- 
myia viridula, F., s. ont f.p., very ab. ; (0) met ee (19) Eristalis tenax, L.; 
(20) E. nemorum, L.; (21) E. arbustorum, L . 3 (22) E. sepulcralis, L. ; (23) 
E. eneus, Scop. ; (24) Syritta pipiens, L. ; (25) Ascia podagrica, F., all very 
ab., both s. and f.p.; (26) Cheilosia soror, Zett.; (27) Ch. preecox, Zett. 
(Teklenburg, Borgst.), freq. ; (¢) Empide: (28) Empis fee L., very a.b., 8. 5 
(d) Muscide: (29) Lucilia sp. ; (30) Pollenia rudis, F. ; (31) Aricia incana, 
Wiedem. ; (32) Onesia floralis, R. D. ; (88) O. sepulemlis, Mgn. ; (34) Oliviera 
lateralis, Pz., very freq. ; (e) Mycetophilide : (35) Sciara Thome, L. C. Lepi- 
doptera—(a) - iepigroe : (36) Polyommatus Phloas, L.; (37) Saty ag 
hyperanthus, L. ; (b) Sphinges : (38) Sesia asiliformis, Rott. (Thur.), all s. 
D. Coleoptera : (39) Cidemera virescens, L., fp. E. Hemiptera—(40) Co 
sp. See also No. 590, Itt. 
239. SENECIO VULGARIS, L.—Sixty to eighty florets unite to 
form a capitulum. In each the tube is 3} to 4 mm. long, the 
throat, to whose base the honey rises, is only 1 to 14 mm, long; 
the honey is therefore very easily accessible. But since the 
capitula have no marginal florets with long outer lobes, and are 
scarcely 4 mm. in dines they are very inconspicuous and ¢ 
very sparingly visited by insects. 
In the course of fifteen years I have only seen the plant 
visited by one drone- Ay, Syritta pipiens, s. and c.p. freq., and by 
Pyrocoris aptera, L., s.; Dr. Buddeberg found two bees, seo 
morio, F. 2, ¢.p., and Horindis truncorum, L. d,s. 
On the other hand, self-fertilisation takes place regularly. The 
pollen-grains, swept out by the hairs at the tip of the style, remain 
partly on the edge of the stigmas and partly fall upon their mner 
surfaces when they separate. It is certain that this self-fertilisation 
is effectual, for the plant is fully productive even in periods of bad 
weather, when it is assuredly not visited by insects. - 
Tribe Cynaroidee. 
240, ECHINOPS SPHAROCEPHALUS, L.—The corolla is 5 to 6 mm, 
long and almost filled up by the style; it is cleft nearly to the 
base into five linear lobes, and the honey is therefore accessible 
to very short-lipped insects. The stigmas are not only surroondell | 
by a ring of long hairs at their base, but are covered with short 
hairs on the whole of their outer surfaces. As the style emerges 
from the anther-cylinder it sweeps the greater part of the pollen 
before it but remains dusted with a small part. After emerging, 
its two branches (stigmas) remain still for some time folded together, 
so that the insect-visitors may remove the pollen adhering to their — 
