340 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART LIL. 
(b) Conopide : (35) Conops scutellatus, Mgn. ; (36) Physocephala rufipes, F., — 
both s. C. Lepidoptera—(a) Rhopalocera : (37) Pieris brassice, L.; (38) 
Argynnis Aglaia, L. ; (b) Sphinges : (39) Zygena carniolica, Scop. ; (¢) Noctuee : 
(40) Plusia gamma, L., alls. D. Coleoptera—(a) Elateride : (41) Corymbites 
holosericeus, L. ; (b) Lamellicornia: (42) Trichius fasciatus, L. ; (¢) Cureu- 
lionide : (43) Larinus Jacee, F. ; (d) Chrysomelide : (44) Cryptocephalus seri- — 
ceus, L. See also No. 590, Il. 
247. CarDUUS NuUTANS, L. :— 
Visitors : A. Hymenoptera—Apide : (1) Bombus hortorum, L. g; (2) B. 
pratorum, L. % ¢ ; (3) B. vestalis, Fourc. ¢ ; (4) Halictus cylindricus, F. ¢; 
(5) H. malachurus, K. 9, alls, B. Lepidoptera—Sphinges: (6) Zygena loni- 
cere, Esp. See also No. 590, III. 
Carduus defloratus, L.—I have seen this species visited by 103° 
species of insects, of which fifty-four were Lepidoptera, mostly” 
butterflies (609). 
248. Cnicus (CIRSIUM) ARVENSIS, L.—Somewhat over a 
hundred florets are united in one capitulum. The tube of each 
floret is 8 to 12 mm. long, the wider throat 1 to 13 mm. long, — 
and the five linear, slightly divergent segments are 4 to 5 mm. 
long. The capitulum is scarcely 8 mm. in diameter in its lower — 
bracteate portion, but when seen from above it forms a red surface — 
20 mm. or more in diameter. Since the honey rises up into the 
throats of the florets, numerous insects of various orders, attracted 
by the conspicuous capitula, are able to enjoy it. A proboscis 
need only be 1 to 1} mm. long to reach to the bottom of the — 
throat of a floret, so that the rich store of honey is accessible not 
only to bees and Lepidoptera, but also to wasps, flies, and beetlés, — 
which seek it diligently. In the first stage of the flower, a large 
quantity of pollen emerges at the upper end of the anther- 
cylinder, pressed up by the lengthening style. Owing to their 
slight stickiness and to the possession of sharp processes over — 
their whole surface (Fig. 114, 2, 3) the pollen-grains adhere easily 
to one another and to the hairs upon the insect. Gradually the _ 
style itself protrudes 2 to 2} mm. from the anther-cylinder. At — 
its end it divides into two branches nearly 2 mm. long, which are | 
thickly covered on their outer surface with small, sharp hairs 
(Fig. 114, 5, ¢). Immediately below the division of the style, 
this hairy surface ends in a ring of longer hairs (0). On emerging 
from the anther-cylinder the tip of the style is thickly covered all 
round with pollen; if sufficient insect-visits occur, (and in fine” 
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