348 - THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART HII. 
hairy bodies in contact at one time with pone and at another 
with stigmatic surfaces. 
The following insects effect fertilisation :— 
A. Hymenoptera—(a) Apidae: (1) Apis mellifica, L. 9, ab.,s. ; (2) Bom- 
bus silvarum, L. 9 $,s.; (3) B. agrorum, F. $,s. ; (4) B. pratorum, L. 4, 
s.; (5) B. rupestris, F., 9 ¢,s.; (6) B. lapidarius, L. $,s. ; (7) B. campestris, 
Pz. ¢, s.; all the humble-bees dust chiefly their head, belly, and legs ; (8) 
Saropoda bimaculata, Pz. 9 ¢, very ab.; (9) Dasypoda hirtipes, F. g,s., 
freq. ; (10) Andrena pilipes, F. 9, ¢.p.; (11) Halictus maculatus, Sm., 2 ¢, 
ep.and s.; (12) H. quadricinctus, F, 9 g,cp. and s., ab. ; (18) H. rubi- 
cundus, Chr. 9 ¢, ¢.p. and s.; (14) H. leucozonius, K. 9 3,¢-p. and s. ; (15) 
H. interruptus, Pz. g,s.; (16) H. cylindricus, F. ‘ dg, ¢.p. and s., very ab. 
(17) H. nitidiusculus, K. ¢ 9,8. and ep. ; (18) H. albipes, F. $e ; (19) 
H. longulus, Sm. 9 ¢; (20) H. zonulus, Sm. 3,8. ; (21) H. minutus, K. ¢, 
s.; (22) H. lucidulus, Schenck, ? ; (23) H. Smeathmanellus, K. 9°, both s. 
and c.p.; (24) Nomada succincta, Pz. 3,8. ; (25) Osmia spinulosa, K. Q, 
ep. (Thur.) ; (26) Megachile centuncularis, L. 9 ¢,s. ; (27) M. lagopoda, K. 
2, cep. (Thur.); (28) Anthidium strigatum, Latr. ?, ¢.p. (Thur.) ; Oy 
Vespide : (29) Polistes gallica, F. (Thur.). B. Diptera—(a) Empide : (30) 
Empis rustica, F., s.; (b) Syrphide : (31) Helophilus pendulus, L., s. ; (32) 
Eristalis tenax, L., sometimes c.p., sometimes trying to thrust its yather thi 
proboscis into the narrow florets ; (33) Rhingia rostrata, L., s. ; (@) Conopicta 
(34) Physocephala vittata, F., s. ; (35) si flavipes, L., s. et Lepidoptera 
—(a) Rhopalocera: (36) Pieris Heche .; (87) P. napi, L. ; . (38) Colias. 7 
hyale, L. ; (39) Polyommatus Phlceas, L ; (40) are sp.; (41) Satyrus | 
Galathea, L. ; (42) S. Megeera, L. ; (43) S. J anira, L.; (44) S: pamphilus, L. ; 
(45) Hesperia thaumas, Hfn.; (6) Sphinges: (46) Zygeena loniceree, Esp. 5 
(47) Z. carniolica, Scop. (Thur.); (c) Noctuw: (48) Plusia gamma, L. Se 
also No, 590, 111., and No, 609. 
I became aware in August, 1881, that the capitula of Centawrec 
Jacea tend to vary along two lines from the commonest and appa 
rently most primitive form which I have just described. The res 
is, on the one hand, very conspicuous male capitula 50 to 55 mm 
in diameter, and on the other hand less conspicuous female eapitula 
30 to 35 mm, in diameter. In both of these extreme forms the 
marginal florets have the corolla greatly enlarged, but the repre 
ductive organs functionless. In the male capitula, the florets « 
the disk possess a style as well as anthers, but its stigmas neve 
separate, but coalesce in their lower part. In the female capit 
the anthers of the disk-florets are brownish, shrunken, and devoid 
of pollen. 4 
‘ 
* eS all lO ary. ec lt ll a Satay woicdind 
Bs 
These extreme forms are connected by an unbroken series 
transition-stages with the primitive form. As the primitive form 
began to vary in one direction, the marginal florets became gradually 
