366 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART IT. 
produced into a long spur, and in the stamens only cohering for a 
short distance below the anthers (360). 
Tribe Cyphiee. 
The stigma is crowned with a tuft of hairs and only reaches to 
the base of the anthers, which are closely aggregated together 
and contain the pollen in a single large mass between them. The 
anthers stand on the lower side of the horizontal flowers, and 
separate when the insect-visitor enters, so that the ventral surface — 
of the insect comes in contact with the pollen and with the stigma. 
Bees are probably the fertilising agents (178, 360). 
Tribe Campanulee. 
The structure of the flower in our species of Campanula has 
been admirably described and explained by Sprengel. Delpino 
makes general remarks upon this ‘and several other genera of 
Campannulec, and names Cetonie as the fertilisers of Campanula 
Medium, and Apis and Halictus as fertilisers of the other species of 
Campanula ; and he gives in addition to his own observations a full 
account of the erroneous views of Wahlbom, Cassini, Du Petit- 
Thouars, Alph. de Candolle, Treviranus, Gartner, and Vaucher 
concerning the fertilisation of Campanula (178, 360). : 
In Campanula the honey is secreted and borne by a yellow, 
fleshy, epigynous disk (m), surrounding the base of the style; 
it is covered by the bases of the five stamens which expand in 
triangular lamine (sd). Hairs close over the interspaces between 
the bases of the stamens, and protect the honey rather from 
unbidden guests than, as Sprengel supposes, from rain, which — 
is sudiciently guarded against in most species by the pendulows t 
position of the flowers. 
In the bud, and often for a time in the open flower, the three 
stigmas lie closely applied together, forming a cylinder whose outer 
surface is thickly covered with long, erect hairs; in the bud the 
anthers are placed close around this cylindrical brush (grb), so 
that they form a hollow cylinder inclosing the style, and as -they 
dehisce introrsely they shed their pollen upon the hairs of the — 
brush. When this has taken place the stamens wither and with- — 
draw into the base of the flower. Now the flower opens and dis- — 
plays in the first stage of its development a cylindrical brush ~ 
standing in the centre and covered thickly all round with pollen, 
