422 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART III. 
great numbers, on this flower (Alpenblumen, p. 264; named there 
by mistake C. major). 
Cerinthe minor, L., has a somewhat different structure, and is 
visited and fertilised by the honey-bee as well as by humble-bees 
(590, IIL.) 
According to Kuhn, Lritrichium, Amsinckia, Lithospermum, 
Pulmonaria, Arnebia, and Hockinia, contain dimorphic species 
(399). Darwin considers that Amsinckia and Arnebia are not 
dimorphic, but merely show extreme variability in the length of 
their stamens and style (167). 
Mertensia, Roth., is dimorphic according to Darwin (167). 
REVIEW OF THE BORAGINE. 
The Boraginez have inherited from common ancestors a short 
tube which, to a certain degree, conceals their honey. 
The lower forms (Asperugo, Echinospermum, Omphalodes, 
Myosotis) are visited and cross-fertilised by flies (especially Syr- 
phide), bees, and Lepidoptera, and are adorned with red, violet, and 
blue colours through the selective taste of their guests. Many species, 
in the course of individual development, seem to recapitulate to us 
the evolution of their colours—white, rosy, blue in several species 
of Myosotis; yellow, bluish, violet in JZ. versicolor ; and red, violet, 
blue in Pulmonaria, Echium, etc. Here, white and yellow seem 
to have been the primitive colours; and, at least in many cases, 
violet and blue seem to have been preceded by red—an assump- 
tion which is strengthened by the fact that many blue and violet 
species (Myosotis, Anchusa, Symphytum) give us white and rose- 
red varieties, apparently by reversion to more primitive characters. 
Starting from these simpler forms, we meet with many ad- 
vancing adaptations for fertilisation by bees. Pulmonaria, simply 
by the length of its tube, protects its honey from the great majority 
of insects, excepting humble-bees, and insures cross-fertilisation, in 
the event of humble-bees visiting it, by the distinct heterostylic 
condition, Anchusa reserves its honey for bees still more effectually 
by the narrow entrance to its tube ; and according to Warming, it 
shows locally a tendency (never completely attained) to become 
heterostyled. Echium, without excluding other guests, has so 
adapted the form of its flowers for the convenience of bees, that 
many species visit it in great numbers; and it insures cross- 
fertilisation by proterandry and by the prominent position of the 
