430 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART III. 
to the anthers ; and thus cross-fertilisation is favoured, though stigma 
and anthers ripen together. In absence of insects, self-fertilisation 
is possible, as the stigma frequently stands in the line of fall of 
the pollen. 
Visitors: A. Hymenoptera—Apide : (1) Bombus agrorum, F. §, s. ; (2) 
B. terrestris, L. 2,8. and c.p.; (3) Andrena pilipes, F. ?, ¢.p.; (4) Prosopis 
signata, Pz. 9, fp.; (5) P. communis, Nyl. 9,fp. B. Diptera—(a) Bomby- 
lide : (6) Systcechus sulfureus, Mik., s. ; (b) Syrphide: (7) Syrphus balteatus, 
Deg., f.p. and licking the staminal hairs: (8) Eristalis arbustorum, L., do. 3 
(9) Syritta pipiens, L., do. C. Lepidoptera—Microlepidoptera : (10) Ephestia 
elutella, Hiibn., s. D. Coleoptera—Nitidulide: (11) Meligethes, ab. 'E. 
Thysanoptera ; (12) Thrips, ab. F. Neuroptera ; (13) Panorpa communis, L., 
licking various parts of the flower. 
318. VERBASCUM PH@NICEUM, L.—The structure of the flower 
agrees with that of the preceding species, but I have hitherto failed, 
as Sprengel also did, to discover any honey; I have never seen any 
insect sucking on this flower. I once saw Andrena fulva, Schrank, 
@, insert its proboscis into three or four flowers and then immedi- 
ately withdraw it; it then flew away, having doubtless failed to 
find anything. 
Visitors : A. Hymenoptera—Apidw: (1) Apis mellifica, L. §, c.p.; (2) 
Bombus muscorum, L. §, ¢.p. ; (3) Andrena dorsata, K. 2, ¢.p. ; (4) A. fulva, 
Schrank, 9, vainly seeking honey ; (5) Halictus sexnotatus, K. 2, ¢.p.,—-I 
could see clearly how this bee loosened the pollen with its mandibles, and 
swept it with the tarsal brushes on its fore and midlegs into the collecting 
hairs on its hindlegs, B. Diptera—Syrphide : (6) Rhingia rostrata, L., very 
ab., f.p.,—I have often seen a specimen of this fly on almost every flower, eating 
pollen, and also licking the staminal hairs, 
319. VerBascum TuHapsus, L. :— 
Visitors : A. Hymenoptera—(a) Apide : (1) Apis mellifica, L. § ; (2) Bom- 
bus Scrimshiranus, K. ? ; (3) B. hortorum, L.'% ; (4) Halictus smeathmanellus, 
K. 9, all cp. ; (5) H. cylindricus, F. ¢; (6) Andrena parvula, K. ¢, both of 
these seemed to be sucking ; (b) Sphegide : (7) Polistes gallica, F. 2 (Thur.), 
seemed also to be sucking. B. Diptera—Syrphide@ : (8) Helophilus floreus, L. ; 
(9) Syritta pipiens, L. ; (10) Ascia podagrica, F., all three fp. 
Verbascum Lychnitis, L.—I saw this species in Thuringia, visited 
by species of Halictus collecting pollen, and by Diptera and 
Coleoptera (590, III.). 
Darwin, in Forms of Flowers, shows that V. Thapsus and 
V. Lychnitis readily produce hybrids in a state of nature ; and that, 
since these hybrids are absolutely barren and the self-fertilised 
