436 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART III. 
room, the stigma remains fresh and outstretched, while the anthers 
dehisce immediately above, letting part of their pollen fall upon it. 
I have likewise observed on plants in my room that such self-fertili- 
sation regularly produces capsules filled with well-formed seeds. 
In long-continued cold and wet weather, when neither wasps nor 
bees are about, all the capsules of Scrophularia are well filled. 
In sunny weather cross-fertilisation never fails, for all our wasps, 
except V. Crabro, are frequent visitors. 
According to Mr. A. 8. Wilson, wasps on Serophularia begin at 
the top of the inflorescence and proceed downwards; so that here 
the crossing of separate plants is insured just as it is in proterand- 
rous plants with elongated inflorescences (e.g. Labiate), where the 
fertilising-agents (bees) proceed from below upwards (778). 
Hymenoptera—(a) Vespide: (1) Vespa vulgaris, L.; (2) V. rufa, L. ; (3) 
V. germanica, F.; (4) V. media, Deg.; (5) V. holsatica, F., all s., very ab; 
(b) Apide: (6) Bombus agrorum, F. 2? %,8., scarce ; (7) Halictus sexnotatus, 
K. 9,8. and «p.; (8) H. zonulus, Sm. ¢,s.; (9) H. flavipes, F. g,s. See 
also No. 590, III. 
Scrophularia aquatica, L.—The floral mechanism and the insect- 
visitors are similar to those of S. nodosa (590, IIL.). 
Scrophularia occurs with cleistogamic flowers (Kuhn, No. 399). 
The most thorough account of the fertilisation of Scrophularia is 
given by Mr. W. Trelease, who also gives a réswmé of the special 
literature (737). 
Collinsia bicolor, Bth., and C. verna, Nutt.—In these flowers the 
stamens and style lie near the lower side of the flower; the fifth 
stamen, modified into a honey-gland, and the honey-receptacle, 
which consists of a pouch near the base of the corolla, are on the 
upper wall. The flower imitates very closely the Papilionaceous 
type, even to the production of als, vexillum, and carina. 
(Delpino, No. 178). In absence of insects, the flowers fertilise 
themselves, and are fertile to their own pollen (360). 
Mimulus luteus, L. (M. guttatus, D.C.)—Bees entering the flower 
touch first the inferior lobes of the stigma, which cover up the 
anthers. Immediately afterwards the stigmatic lobes fold wp and 
expose the anthers to be touched by the bee, which thus becomes 
dusted with fresh pollen (Batalin, No. 38). 
The case of J. Tillingti is quite similar (Behrens, No. 49). 
Glossostigma elatinoides, according to Cheeseman, has a similarly 
irritable stigma (132). 
Mimulus (Diplacus) glutinosus, Wendl. var. B (D. puniceus, 
Nutt.), behaves in the same manner (Hildebrand, No. 352). 
