554 THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. [PART IIT. 
Visitors: A. Hymenoptera—(a) Apidae: (1) Bombus terrestris, L. ¢; (2) 
Halictus cylindricus, F. ¢; (3) Prosopis punctulatissima, Sm.; (b) Sphegide : 
(4) Miscus campestris, Latr. B. Diptera—(5) Empis livida, L., all sucking. 
Allium carinatum and A. fistulosum.—Sprengel found these 
species to be proterandrous. He has observed honey-bees in 
numbers sucking honey on the flowers of the latter. 
Allium spherocephalum, L., is visited by bees, flies, and 
Lepidoptera (609). 
Allium Schenoprasum, 8. alpinum, is proterandrous and very rich 
in honey. It is much visited by small moths (Crambus), even at 
2,000 m. above the sea-level (665). 
Allium rotundum, L., is adapted for fertilisation by sand-wasps 
and bees. The three nectaries are concealed by the expanded 
bases of three of the stamens; the long filamentous processes of | 
the stamens protrude from the flower, and probably serve to guide 
the bee towards the honey (590, 1). 
Allium victoriale, L., is markedly proterandrous. The honey is 
displayed openly, and the yellowish-white flowers, which are ex- 
ceedingly conspicuous on their tall stalks, are visited by numerous 
flies, bees, and Lepidoptera (609). 
Allium sibiricwm has proterandrous flowers, which have been 
figured by Axell (17). 
The flowers of Hemerocallis fulva are sterile to their own 
pollen according to Sprengel (p. 43). 
Muscari botryoides, Mill., and M. racemosum, Mill., are visited 
by bees and adapted for fertilisation by them (590, 1). 
Scilla maritima, L., is visited by bees (590, 1). 
394. HYACINTHUS ORIENTALIS, L.—The perianth forms a 
tube, 12 to 14mm. or more in length, produced into six outspread 
and recurved teeth. In its lower third is the ovary, with a short 
style and tripartite stigma; in the middle third are the anthers, 
which dehisce introrsely and ripen at the same time as the stigmas. 
No free honey is secreted, but the wall of the perianth is fleshy 
and succulent, and is probably bored by long-tongued insect- 
visitors. When an insect’s: proboscis is thrust into a flower it 
touches the anthers and stigmas with opposite sides, and so cross- 
fertilisation is favoured. Spontaneous self-fertilisation can only 
occur in flowers which happen to be inclined sideways. 
Honey is said by Linnzus and by Sprengel to be secreted in 
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