44 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 



In addition to this, 13 tons of cotton cake are used during the summer. It is some- 

 what difficult to estimate the number of acres of pasture used by this herd, as tb^cows 

 have the first run of the grass, and the coarser and rougher part of the pasture is fed 

 Tby other stock. Possibly each cow may consume the produce of 1| acres. 



In the winter months the milk sells for about 22 cents per gallon, a price which is 

 hardly more than sufficient to cover the cost of the food and attendance, so that the 

 dairy does not often get back more than the manure free of cost. The annual expense 

 of labor upon each cow amounts to about 2 15s. 



The following are the prices of some of the foods enumerated above : 



QUOTATIONS. 



8. d. 



Phoenix pure linseed cake, per ton 9 10 



Phoenix pure undecorticated cotton-cake (future delivery), per ton 6 5 



Yellow rape cake, per ton 6 10 



Phoenix pure linseed meal (in bags), per ton 



Phoenix pure cotton-seed meal, per ton 



Yellow rape meal or nuts, per ton 



Phoenix pure palm-nut meal, per ton 700 



Decorticated cotton-cake, per ton 



Decorticated cotton meal , per ton 7 10 



Clean sieved linseed, suitable for feeding purposes, per 416 pounds in bags. 52 



Per ton. 



Linseed cake: , s. d. & a. d. 



Best quality, English 810 to 8 15 



American thin 8 00 8 10 



Other qualities English 8 50 8 10 



American 715 



Marseilles 712 6 7 15 



Eape cake, East India seed 515 600 



other descriptions 



Cotton cake, best London undecorticated 5 12 6 600 



Cotton cake, decorticated 00 000 



Corn and mixed cake, English make 710 8 10 



Palm-nut meal 510 (> 



Locustbeans 5 50 600 



Rice schudes, whole 210 3 



ground 310 4 10 



A little addition here on the part of the American farmer will open 

 his eyes to many very startling things. It will show him that a cow in 

 England gives a large and rich quantity of milk, but it shows also that 

 she would not be a paying institution for the American. The example 

 given above will have^to be taken as an illustration, though in my opin- 

 ion many breeders of fine cattle feed much higher than those above 

 mentioned. The following, taken from the same journal, will bear me 

 out in this: 



Mr. R. E. Turnbull, of Twyer's Wood Farm, Hedon, Hull, who has gained the royal 

 prize for haying the best-managed dairy farm in Yorkshire, although having good 

 pastures, which produce a high quality herbage, invariably supplements it with artifi- 

 cial food. Now, as the generality of dairy farmers on even comparatively poor pas- 

 tures do nothing of the kind, the fact appears worth knowing that Mr. Turnbull con- 

 siders himself amply repaid for his enterprise, although carried out to an extent of 

 surprising liberality. From May 1 to October 21 the allowance of cake, half linseed 

 and hali decorticated cotton, is from 2$ to 7 pounds per animal per day, according to 

 size and age, while in July they have green tares and in August and September cab- 

 bages in addition. Of course during winter the allowance to cows and heifers yield- 

 ing milk is still greater, comprising for cows 3 pounds of linseed cake and some 3 to 

 7 pounds each of crushed oats per day ; and heifers 5 pounds each either of oil-cake 

 one-half linseed, the other half cotton or equal proportions of liuseed cake and 

 crushed oats. The other winter food consists of pulped roots and hay partly dialled, 

 or when oat straw is good it is used as a substitute for hay, 10 pounds of oat straw 

 being considered an equivalent for 7 pounds of hay. Mr. Turnbull makes a good price 

 for his milk partly by retail sale in Hull and partly by conversion to high-class butter, 

 which sells for la. 7d. per pound, and he calculates that lie realizes IQd. per gallon for 



