106 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 



effectyn improving the herbage, and especially in developing the clover 

 plants, has been very marked. The land is generally a strong loam, of 

 a fertile character. 



The stock on the farm comprised 40 cows and heifers, principally Short- 

 horns, of excellent type and grand milking properties, some cross-bred 

 Ayrshire and Shorthorns, 10 capital two-year-old steers, and a very use- 

 ful two-year-old bull, selected with due regard to the milking properties 

 of the dam. Although the grass is of excellent quality, it is supple- 

 mented with cake. Thus, from May 1 to October 21, the cattle, accord- 

 to age, have from 2J pounds to 7 pounds of cake daily (two-thirds cotton 

 and one-third linseed cake). 



They live out day and night, except at milking time (4 a.m. to 6 a. m., 

 and from 2 p. m. to 3.30 p. m.). From July the dairy cattle have a daily 

 allowance of green tares, and in September and October they have cab- 

 bages in addition to cake and grass. The heifers in calf run out on 

 grass both summer and winter, but are housed in a straw yard at night 

 in winter, when they are supplied with from 14 pounds to 21 pounds of 

 hay, according to age and size. Heifers due to calve in the spring are 

 allowed about 2J pounds of linseed cake daily for two months before 

 calving. From October 21 to April 30 the cows are allowed from 21 

 pounds to 28 pounds of hay (one-third long and two-thirds chaffed), with 

 pulped roots, the quantity of the latter ranging, according to the size 

 and condition of the animals, from 36 pounds to 84 pounds, the artifi- 

 cial food for cows in full milk comprising 3 pounds of linseed cake and 

 3J pounds to 7 pounds of crushed oats. Heifers in full milk are fed 

 with about 21 pounds of hay (two-thirds as chaff), with 56 pounds of 

 pulped roots, and 5 pounds of linseed and cotton cake, in equal propor- 

 tions, or a similar weight of linseed cake and crushed oats. Oat straw 

 when well got is substituted for a portion of the hay. Mr. Turnbull 

 considers that 10 pounds of oat straw are equal to 7 pounds of hay. 



The grass farm of 140 acres at East Park, which Mr. Turnbull holds, 

 is occupied on a lease for five years from AprM, 1880, and has received 

 very liberal treatment for so short a term, as it includes boning a con- 

 siderable part of the pasture, the liberal application of fold yard manure, 

 both to grazing and mowing lands 71 acres being devoted to meadow 

 on which was an excellent crop of hay and the erection of a consider- 

 able length of strong posts and rails, which cost about Is. 6d. a yard 

 fixed. The buildings comprise the larger portion of the hall-stables 

 and outhouses, and by judicious alterations have been rendered very 

 convenient for breeding and rearing stock, which is the main business 

 here. 



The management of young stock is admirable, some details of which 

 we will gi>ve. As to the treatment of the calf : It is removed at birth j 

 new milk is supplied for a month, during which period it is kept warm 

 in pen; next, for three or four weeks, boiled skim-milk is given ; and, 

 to prevent the milk being burnt, the copper vessel is suspended in a 

 copper of water; then one-third boiled linseed and two-thirds oatmeal, 

 commencing with I pound of the mixture daily, are mixed hot with 

 skimmed milk. All this time the calf is taught to eat sweet hay and a 

 little linseed cak, and with each change of food the calves are re- 

 moved to more airy quarters, which also allow of more exercise. In 

 the spring, and summer of the first year the calves do not go out ; the 

 winter calves are run on grass, and have a capital shed to shelter in at 

 night. The great secret of success is the judicious change of food and 

 quarters, according to the age and strength of the animal, by which 

 steady progress is insured, the cake being continued. The heifers run 



