124 CATTLE AND - DAIRY FARMING. 



The yonng stock have a yard -with a shed, and feed on hay, with a few roots or 3 

 pounds of cake per day through the winter, and a run on the rough pasture through 

 the summer. The heifers are allowed to go to the bull at fifteen months old. The 

 calves which are weaned are taken from the cows from three days to a week old, and 

 as soon as they will drink well and are strong they are kept on skim-milk, good hay, 

 and a little corn-meal until three or four months old. If it should be summer they are 

 turned out on the pasture in the day and housed at night until they are old enough 

 to lie out. I bleed the calves dropped in the spring, in the fall of the year, as a pre- 

 ventativo for quarter-evil. I reckon that my whole herd in summer, including heifers, 



five 12 quarts of milk per day, but I have several cows which would give 20 quarts, 

 have a record of 20 cows giving in the month of June, 1883, 256 quarts of milk, 29 

 pounds of butter, per day, and 1 cow 112 quarts of milk, 11 quarts of cream, and 12 

 pounds of butter per week three months after calving. The average yield of butter 

 throughout the year for 17 cows and 6 heifers is 6 pounds per head. In the height of 

 emnmer 13 cows averaged 12 pounds each per week. 



The weight of a bull or cow when fatted is from 28 to 35 score. 



The Jerseys are seldom steered. If the bull calves are not required for stock they 

 are allowed to suck the dams, and fattened as calves, weighing from GO to lOOpounds 

 at one to two months old. The mean temperature on the average for 16 years worked 

 out as 49.38'. In the winter it was 39.99' ; spring, 46.92' ; summer, 59.63', and in 

 autumn, 50.78 ; . During one year there were 242 days on which a southwest wind 

 was prevalent; 72 days with a northeast, and 40 with a northwest wind. Southeast 

 winds aro very rare. The island rests on the Wealden, and the surface comprises 

 clay, gravel, sand, chalk, freestone, and loam. The downs are chalk, rising from 400 

 to 800 feet above the level of the sea. The grasses which are chiefly cultivated are 

 the several sorts of rye grass, including the Italian. Clovers are broad, Dutch, al- 

 sike, trefoil, cow clover, and trifolimn. 



(8) GUERNSEY CATTLE. 



This really first-rate breed is anative of one of the Channel Islands, off 

 the coast of France, and is largely bred by a class of farmers who hold 

 small quantities of 1-and which they cultivate very highly, and, like the 

 Jersey people, breed a much larger number per acre than is done in any 

 part of England. They are a most docile race, well cared for in sheds 

 in the winter, and almost invariably tethered in summer on the grass. 

 There is no difference of opinion in England as to the merits ot the 

 Jersey and the Guernsey among those who understand both races, but 

 it must be admitted that the Jersey is a very much greater favorite, 

 although why it is so would be very difficult to say if we did not think 

 that color and a more deer-like form has something to do with this. 

 The Guernsey is a much larger beast than the Jersey, and, although 

 coarser, is still extremely delicate in texture of skin, while she is much 

 more fleshy, is far more easily fatted, and is salable to the butcher at 

 almost any time, provided she is well kept, which the Jersey certainly 

 is not. Indeed, it may be fairly estimated that when an old Jersey cow 

 past breeding is only worth 7 to 8, a Guernsey is usually worth 

 15. 



This race is now bred with extreme care, although it has some faults 

 from a butcher's point of view, being bred for milk almost alone, and 

 by a comparatively small number of breeders. The color is, plainly 

 speaking, an irregular yellow and white, or, according to the shade, as 

 it is generally called, orange or lemon and white. It is a grand butter- 

 making cow, and will equal the best Jerseys, while it is certainly a 

 deeper milker. We may here mention that the Guernsey breed is 

 strictly confined to the island of Guernsey, as the Jersey is to the island 

 of Jersey, and although the last named wag for many years known as 

 the Alderney, it is so no longer, for the Alderney people have at last 

 started a herd book for their own race, which they are determined to 

 perfect in the same way as the other breeds have been perfected. 

 Guernsey, small as it is, exports between one and two thousand cows 

 annually, the majority of which come to England, and at the present 



