242 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 



much rounded; a bony, well developed frame, giving size to the body j 

 the hind quarters relatively more developed than the fore quarters ; the 

 flanks large and deep, joined to a good-sized and well-hung bag, termi- 

 nating in regular teats, with skin supple and soft, rather than too fine ; 

 a head with little flesh; a lively and at the same time soft expression of 

 the eye; in short, all of the well-known characteristics which present 

 a feminine aspect to the eye of an expert. 



Milking qualities. There are Flainand cows yielding 35 to 40 quarts 

 of milk per day. This yield is quite exceptional ; is only attained at the 

 expense of the richness of the milk, or to the great injury of the race 

 itself. In the Flamand country the average yield of a good cow is 

 about 2,640 quarts per year, or 10 quarts a day during the season of 

 pasturage for two hundred and ten days, and C quarts per day during 

 the season of winter, and remaining dry for two months. 



Weight. The weight of such a cow is about 1,000 to 1,200 pounds; 

 size at the withers, 53 inches; at the croup, 55 inches ; the length from 

 the nape of the neck to the withers is 5 feet 3 inches ; from the withers 

 to the level of the joint of the buttocks, 4 feet 9 inches ; the head, 9.7 

 inches ; the circumference of the body behind the shoulders, 6 feet 3 

 inches ; the size of the haunches, 2 feet 3 inches, and the height about 

 2 feet 6 inches from the ground. 



Flamande lull. The best breeders select the bulls of this breed from 

 those contrasting with the cows and supplying the deficiencies of the 

 cow, but with a feminine appearance, not disregarding the signs of a 

 vigorous constitution. Thus, the preference is given to bulls with a low- 

 hung body ; tail, loins, and thighs muscular. Experience has demon- 

 strated the success of this method of improving the species. 



It will be noted that in this description of a race reared for its lacteal 

 qualities are certainly found many features which would commend it to 

 the butcher, and this view is corroborated by the fact that these ani- 

 mals are highly prized by the consumer. A glance at the bull of this 

 breed corroborates this fact and indicates clearly the adaptability of the 

 ' race for fattening purposes. The color of the coat is of a deeper tint 

 than that of the female; the head sizable; snout fine, neck moderately 

 full ; throat and dorsal muscles sufficiently supplied ; shoulders rather 

 small ; the body raised and slightly pointed ; defects which yield to good 

 treatment. 



The weight and measurement of a bull of this race aged thirty months, 

 raised in the department of the north, I herewith subjoin with cut. 



The Flamand ox is exceptional, the females being universally raised; 

 the few oxen are raised with a view of exhibiting at the agricultural 

 fairs. 



The Flamand ox has been utilized at the beet-root sugar manufact- 

 ories of the north, and if not subjected to severe labor, they fatten read- 

 ily on the refuse of these factories. 



BREEDS OF SUB-FLAMANDS. 



In traveling on one side from Dunkirk to Boulogne, Montreuil, and 

 Abbeville, and on the other toward Arras, by the way of Saint Umer, 

 we find modifications in the race Flamande. In the former place the 

 name of " Boulonnaise " is given to the subrace and that of "Arte's- 

 ienne" to that in the ancient province of Artois, although these two 

 subraces are frequently confounded with the mother race. The subrace 

 li Boulonnaise" is of smaller size and less weight, its shape more slender 

 and angular, while the belly and flanks are more fully developed, the 



