196 A CENTURY OF SCIENCE 



following with such leaders in Federal work as Gilbert, 

 Chamberlin, King, E. D. Irving, Pumpelly, Van Hise, 

 and Walcott, may note that these were all connected in 

 their earlier work with State surveys. Nor has the rela- 

 tion been one-sided, for among the State geologists 

 Whitney, Blake, Mather, Newberry, J. G. Norwood, Pur- 

 due, Bain, Gregory, Ashley, Kirk, W. H. Emmons, 

 DeWolf, Mathews, Brown, Landes, Moore, and Crider 

 received their field training in part or wholly as members 

 of a Federal Survey. Moreover, under the present plan 

 of effective cooperation of several of the State surveys 

 with the "United States Geological Survey, it is often dif- 

 ficult to differentiate between the two in either personnel 

 or results, for it even happens that the publishing organ- 

 ization may not have been the major contributor. The 

 full record of American geology, past and present, can 

 not be set forth in terms of Federal auspices alone. 



The three decades preceding the Civil War, then, con- 

 stitute the era of State surveys, well described by Mer- 

 rill as at first characterized by a contagious enthusiasm 

 for beginning geologic work, later by a more normal 

 condition in which every available geologist seems to 

 have been quietly at work, and finally by renewed activity 

 in creating new organizations. The net result was that 

 Louisiana and Oregon seem to have been the only States 

 not having at least one geological survey. 



The first specific appropriation by the Federal Govern- 

 ment for geologic investigation appears to have been 

 made in 1834, when a supplemental appropriation for 

 surveys of roads and canals under the War Department, 

 authorized in 1824, contained the item "of which sum 

 five thousand dollars shall be appropriated and applied 

 to geological and mineralogical survey and researches." 

 In July, 1834, Mr. G. W. Featherstonhaugh was appointed 

 United States geologist and employed under Colonel 

 Abert, U. S. Topographical Engineers, to "personally 

 inspect the mineral and geological character " of the pub- 

 lic lands of the Ozark Mountain region. Overlooking 

 the incidental fact that this Englishman a man of 

 scientific attainment and large interest in public affairs- 

 was never naturalized, 3 it must be placed to the credit of 

 this first of United States geologists that within seven 



