GOVERNMENT GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS 201 



westward, and exploration of the national domain for its 

 industrial possibilities took on fresh, interest. Home- 

 seekers and miners largely made up this army of peace- 

 ful invasion, and the winning of the West began on a 

 scale quite different from that of the days of the military 

 path-finding expeditions of Fremont and other Army 

 officers. Thus the nation was aroused to the task of 

 investigating its public lands and Congress gave the sup- 



Eort needed to make geologic exploration possible on a 

 irge scale. 



Geologic surveys of a high order were continued 

 in the older States, as shown by the contributions 

 during this period of J. P. Lesley and G. H. Cook in 

 the East, W. C. Kerr, E. W. Hilgard, and E. A. 

 Smith in the South, and J. S. Newberry, C. A. 

 White, Raphael Pumpelly, T. C. Chamberlin, Alex- 

 ander Winchell, and T. B. Brooks in the Central States. 

 To the north the Canadian Survey, organized in 1841 

 under Logan, had continued under the same sturdy 

 leadership until 1869, when the experienced and talented 

 Doctor Selwyn became Director. As contrasted with the 

 short careers of most of the State Surveys and with the 

 temporary character of all of the Federal undertakings 

 in geologic investigation, the continuance of the Cana- 

 dian Geological Survey for more than half a century 

 under two directors gave opportunity for continuity of 

 effort in making known to the people of the Dominion its 

 resources and at the same time contributing to the world 

 much pure science. 



Passing with simple mention the two Government expe- 

 ditions into the Black Hills, which afforded opportunity 

 for geologic exploration by N. H. Winchell in 1874 and by 

 Jenney and Newton in 1875, the record of geologic work 

 under Government auspices in the period immediately 

 following the Civil War groups itself around the names 

 of four leaders Hayden, King, Powell, and Wheeler. 

 The four organizations, distinguished commonly by the 

 names of these four masterful organizers, occupied the 

 Western field more or less continuously from 1867 to 1878, 

 and the sum total of their contributions to geography 

 and geology was large indeed. In the words of Clarence 

 King, 6 " Eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, therefore, 



