A CENTURY OF ZOOLOGY IN AMERICA 411 



biology on the same plane with chemistry as a means for 

 training in laboratory methods and discipline, with the 

 added advantage that the subject of biology is much more 

 intimately connected with the student's everyday life and 

 affairs. 



This increasing demand for instruction in biology and 

 the consequent necessity for more teachers brought an 

 increasing number of investigators into this field. 



Conspicuous in this period was the work of E. D. Cope, 

 best known as a paleontologist, but whose work on the 

 classification of the various groups of vertebrates stands 

 preeminent, and whose philosophical essays on evolution 

 had much influence on the evolutionary thought of the 

 time. He was a staunch supporter of the Lamarckian 

 doctrine. Alpheus Hyatt also maintained this theory, 

 and brought together a great accumulation of facts in its 

 support. He thereby contributed largely to our knowl- 

 edge of comparative anatomy and embryology. A. S. 

 Packard, whose publications cover a wide range of 

 topics, was best known for his text-books of zoology and 

 his manuals on insects. 



W. K. Brooks was a leading morphologist and embry- 

 ologist. S. F. Baird, for many years the head of the 

 United States Fish Commission, was the foremost 

 authority on fish and fisheries and is also noted for his 

 work on reptiles, birds and mammals. The man of 

 greatest influence, although by no means the greatest 

 investigator, was C. 0. Whitman. It is to him that we 

 owe the inception of the Marine Biological Laboratory, 

 the most potent influence in American zoology to-day; 

 the organization of the American Morphological Society, 

 the forerunner of the present American Society of Zoolo- 

 gists; and the establishment of the Journal of Morph- 

 ology. G. B. Goode was distinguished for his work on 

 fishes and for his writings on the history of science. 



E. L. Mark, C. S. Minot, and Alexander Agassiz were 

 acknowledged leaders in their special fields of research 

 Mark in invertebrate morphology and embryology, and 

 Minot invertebrate embryology, while Alexander Agassiz 

 made many important discoveries in the systematic 

 zoology and embryology of marine animals, and to him 



