412 A CENTURY OF SCIENCE 



we owe in large measure our knowledge of the life in the 

 oceans of nearly all parts of the world. 



^ The knowledge of the representatives of the different 

 divisions of the American fauna had now become suffi- 

 cient to allow the publication of monographs on the vari- 

 ous classes, orders and families. At this time also par- 

 ticular attention was given to the marine invertebrates 

 of all groups. 



Of the many investigators working on the various 

 groups of animals at this time only a few may be men- 

 tioned. The protozoa were studied by Leidy, Clark, 

 Ryder, Stokes ; the sponges by Clark, Hyatt ; the coelen- 

 terates by A. Agassiz, S. F. Clarke, Verrill ; the echino- 

 derms by A. Agassiz, Brooks, Kingsley, Fewkes, Lyman, 

 Verrill; the various groups of worms by Benedict, 

 Eisen, Silliman, Verrill, Webster, Whitman; the mol- 

 lusks by A. and W. G. Binney, Tryon, Conrad, Dall, San- 

 derson Smith, Stearns, Verrill ; the Brachiopods by Dall 

 and Morse; the Bryozoa by Hyatt; the Crustacea by 

 S. I. Smith, Harger, Hagen, Packard, Kingsley, Faxon, 

 Herrick; the insects by Packard, Horn, Scudder, C. H. 

 Fernald, Williston, Norton, Walsh, Fitch, J. B. Smith, 

 Comstock, Howard, Riley and many others; spiders by 

 Emerton, Marx, McCook ; tunicates by Packard and Ver- 

 rill; fishes by Baird, Bean, Cope, Gilbert, Gill, Goode, 

 Jordan, Putnam; amphibians and reptiles by Cope; 

 birds by Baird, Brewer, Coues, Elliott, Henshaw, Allen, 

 Merriam, Brewster, Ridgway; and the mammals by 

 Allen, Baird, Cope, Coues, Elliott, Merriam, Wilder. 



Interest in the evolutionary theory continued to 

 increase and eventually developed into the morpholog- 

 ical and embryological studies which reached their cul- 

 mination between 1885 and 1890 under the guidance 

 of Whitman, Mark, Minot, Brooks, Kingsley, E. B. Wilson 

 and other famous zoologists of the time. In these years 

 the Journal of Morphology was established and the 

 American Morphological Society was formed. 



The morphological, embryological and paleontological 

 evidences of evolution as indicated by homologies, devel- 

 opmental stages and adaptations were the most absorb- 

 ing subjects of zoological research and discussion. 



