A CENTURY OF ZOOLOGY IN AMERICA 423 



A need was soon felt for a marine laboratory along 

 broader lines, and one available to the students and 

 teachers of the schools and colleges. To meet these 

 requirements the Woods Hole Marine Biological Labora- 

 tory was started in 1887, as the successor to an earlier 

 laboratory at Annisquam, and has since become a great 

 Summer congress for biologists from all parts of the 

 country. It is safe to say that no other institution has 

 been of equal service in securing for biology the high 

 plane it now occupies in American science. The leading 

 spirit in the establishment of this laboratory and its 

 director for many years was Charles 0. Whitman. 



Successful marine laboratories are located also at Cold 

 Spring Harbor, Long Island ; at Harpswell, Maine ; and 

 at Bermuda. The Carnegie Institution maintains a lab- 

 oratory at Tortugas Island, Florida, for the investigation 

 of tropical marine life. 



On the Pacific Coast marine laboratories are located 

 at Pacific Grove and at La Jolla, California, and at Fri 

 day Harbor, Washington. Several other biological lab- 

 oratories are open each Summer on our coasts, as well as 

 a number of fresh-water laboratories on the interior 

 lakes. There are also several mountain laboratories. 

 The influence of these laboratories on American biology 

 is immeasurable. 



Natural History Museums. 



Museums of Natural History or "Cabinets of Natural 

 Curios" as they were sometimes called, were established 

 in the first half of the nineteenth century in connection 

 with the various natural history societies. These were 

 of much service in stimulating the collection of zoological 

 "specimens" and in arousing a popular interest in 

 natural history. 



The zoological museum of earlier days consisted of 

 rows on rows of systematically arranged specimens, each 

 carefully labelled with scientific name, locality, date of 

 collection and donor much like the pages of a catalogue. 

 All this has now been changed ; the bottles of specimens 

 have been relegated to the storeroom, and the great 

 plate glass cases of the modern museum represent indi- 

 vidual studies in the various fields of modern zoological 



