180 MERISTIC VARIATION. [part i. 



to as distinguishing particular local breeds. They are generally paired 

 structures. The following case is exceptional in the fact that the 

 auricle was present on the left only, and that it was associated with an 

 opening possibly of a cervical fistula. A pig having a single appendage 

 about 7 cm. long attached under the lower jaw on the left, is described 

 by Eudes-Desloxgchamps ! . It contained a stalk of cartilage stated 

 to have resembled the cartilage of the ear. To this on either side was 

 attached a small muscle. Unfortunately the appendage had been cut 

 off close to the skin. A small opening (pertuis) was present on the 

 skin near the appendage, and from this opening a small brush or tuft of 

 bristles protruded. 



Fistula? in the neck of swine are well known as giving rise to 

 a disease called weisse Borste in Germany (Fr. la Sole or poll jnque) 

 from the fact that certain white bristles are found at the opening of the 

 duct. In the popular fancy it is supposed that the bristles themselves 

 bore the perforation, but according to Zuxdel 2 they are congenital and 

 often bilateral. Heusinger agrees with Ziindel in regarding such open- 

 ings as branchial fistula*. 



147. Sheep and Goats. Cervical fistula? unknown, but appendages on the neck 

 common. The sheep of the Wilster marshes are described 3 as having the neck bare 

 of wool, and an appearance as of a fur-collar. Above the collar and below the 

 pharynx they have a pair of appendages about the size of an acorn. Such ap- 

 pendages are said to be not uncommon in Merinos 4 . Among the Kalmuck and 

 Kirghiz sheep and goats such auricles are said by Pallas 5 to be common. In many 

 foreign races of goats these auricles seem to be a constant character. In position 

 they may vary from the angle of the jaw to the middle of the neck. The length is 

 usually about 3 in. but they are recorded as reaching 15 cm. Figures of goats 

 having such auricles are given by Sutton 6 . The anatomy of one of these bodies is 

 described by Goubaux 7 , and it is mentioned that a plate of cartilage was found in the 

 interior. A similar cartilage was found by Stewaet 8 together with striped muscular 

 fibre. Goubaux gives a case of two she-goats on a farm, one having cervical 

 appendages, the other having none. Each gave birth to a pair of kids at the same 

 time. Each pair was a male and female, and in the one the male only had the 

 appendages and in the other the female only. The characters of the father of these 

 kids were not known. 



Ox. Neither cervical fistula? nor auricles known. 



148. Horse. Cervical auricles unknown. Fistulas (in the position considered by 

 Heusinger to indicate the first branchial cleft) are common and are recognized by 

 their action in soiling the hair near the external opening. 



Recapitulation. The evidence as a whole goes to shew that^ 

 structures, sometimes of large size, having several essential features 

 of the external ear, that may in fact be fairly spoken of as repeti- 

 tions of the ear, may by Homoeotic Variation appear on the neck of 

 Man and other animals : further, that these repetitions have been 

 known to occur at the openings of cervical fistula 1 , suggesting a 

 comparison with the relation of the external ear to the hyo-mandi- f 

 bular cleft, but that such a relation to cervical fistula? is exceptional. 1 



1 Man. Soe. Linn, de Norm., 1842, vn. p. 41, PL iv. fig. 3. 



2 Dent. Arch.f. Thierm., i. 1875, p. 175. 



3 Viborg, Samtl. Vet.-Afhandl., i. p. 14* [Heusinger]. 



4 Schmalz, Thierveredlungskunde, p. 223 [Heusinger]. 



5 Spicileg. Zuol,, xi. p. 172 (two figures). 



6 Sutton, J. B., Evolution and l>isea.se, pp. 84 and 85. 



7 Goubaux, Rec. de Med. Veter., Ser. 3, ix. p. 335. 



8 Figured by Sutton, I.e., p. 87. 





