CHAP. VIII.] 



MAMMAE. 



183 



was seen. Bruce regards 7"6 as for various reasons rather too high 

 a proportion. In a recent paper Bardelebex however states that 

 among 2736 recruits examined with regard to supernumerary nip- 

 ples, 637 cases (23"3 per cent.) were seen, 219 being on right side, 

 248 on left side, and 170 on both sides. The discrepancy between 

 these statistics no doubt arises through want of agreement as to 

 the inclusion of cases in which the extra nipples are very rudimen- 

 tary. 



It seems to be clearly shewn that the abnormality is commoner 

 in men than in women, and there is some evidence that it is more 

 frequent on the left side than on the right (Bruce, Leichten- 

 STERN and Bardeleben). It is also well established that super- 

 numerary nipples are much more commonly present as single than 

 as paired structures, and that when paired they are by no means 

 always at the same level on the two sides. Cases of the presence 

 of supernumerary mammae as paired structures symmetrically 

 placed are nevertheless sufficiently numerous. Organs of this na- 

 ture may also occur simultaneously on the same side of the body 

 at different levels. For example in one of Leichtenstern's cases, 

 a small secreting supernumerary mamma with a nipple was pre- 

 sent in the left axilla, while there was also another supernumerary 

 nipple on the lower border of the left breast. The greatest num- 

 ber of supernumerary nipples occurred in a case described by Neu- 

 GEBAUER 1 , represented in Fig. 29. In this patient there were on 

 each side three supernumerary nipples above the normal ones, and 



Fig. 29. Diagram of a case of four pairs of supernumerary nipples in human 

 female. The normal breasts raised to shew the lowest pair. (After Neugebaueh.) 



1 JSeugebauer, F. L., Centralb. f. Gynak., 1886. p. 729. 



