chap, vni.] MAMMAE. 187 



that are authentic have no close bearing on the subject of Meristic 

 Variation. There are firstly two often quoted cases 1 in the Miscellanea 

 Curiosa in which mammae are said to have been present on the back, 

 but as has already been remarked, many of the stories told in this 

 collection are clearly fabulous, and this is especially true of the contri- 

 butions of Paullinus. Both these records are given at second hand and 

 the first case (Paullinus) is said to have been seen in 1564, more than a 

 hundred years before the date of the account. Helbig's accounts of things 

 seen by himself are generally trustworthy, but in this case he is only 

 repeating what was told to him by a Polish noble about a woman seen 

 in Celebes. There are no modern cases..on record. There is however 

 indisputable evidence of the presence of a mammary gland on the 

 thigh (especially Robert's case ; for references to several accounts 

 of this see Leichtenstern, p. 255) ; on the cheek, Barth, Arch. f. 

 path. Anat. u. Phys., 188, p. 569; on the acixnnion, Klob, Ztsch. f. 

 K. K. Ges. d. Aerzte in Wien, 1858, p. 815; in the labium majus, 

 Hartung, Ueb.einen Fall von Mamma Accessoria, Inaug. Diss., Erlangen, 

 1875. In the two last cases the mammary nature of the gland was 

 proved by microscopic examination. In Barth's case of a mamma on 

 the cheek the microscopical investigation did not give a certain result 



As Leichtenstern shewed, the case of inguinal mamma, mentioned 

 by Darwin and others, really related to Robert's case of a femoral 

 mamma. In 1885, however, Blaxchard (Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., 1885, 

 p. 230) stated that Testut had lately seen such a case and was about 

 to publish an account of it, but this has not yet appeared (1892). 



Most writers on the subject have accepted cases of supernumerary 

 mamma placed anteriorly in the middle line. These are given by Percy 

 and Laurent, Diet. Sci. mid., xxxiv., 1819, on the authority of several 

 different persons. One case was seen by themselves (p. 526), and in 

 it the third mamma stood below and between the other, forming a 

 triangle with them. In another case given on the authority of Gorre 

 there are said to have been a pair of extra mamma? below the normal 

 ones, and a fifth between the supernumeraries. In view of the fact 

 that many paired organs may by Variation occur compounded in the 

 middle line, there is nothing incredible in these accounts, nevertheless 

 there is, so far as I know, no recent observation of such an occur- 

 rence in the case of mamma?, and with the one exception (which is 

 very briefly described), the accounts given are at second hand 2 . It is 

 moreover not clear that the words used " au-dessous et an milieu des 

 deux autres" do not mean simply below and between the other two. 

 The case contributed by Gorre is nevertheless given in great detail 

 and cannot lightly be set aside. 



Before speaking of the bearing of these facts on morphological 

 conceptions it is necessary to refer to some of the phenomena of 



1 Paullinus, Miscell. Curios., &c, Dec. ii., Ann. iv. 1086, p. 203, Appendix, Riving 

 a case said to have been seen in 1564; also Otto Helbig, ibid., Dec. i., Ann. ix. and 

 x., pubd. 1693, p. 456. 



- Williams (p. 235) quotes Bartels, Arch. f. Aunt., 1872, p. 306, as alluding to 

 such a case, but I do not think that the passage is meaut to convey this meaning. 



