XV11 



on the Foraminifera of the Norwegian Coast ('Annals and Mag. 

 Nat. Hist.,' 1857) resulted ; and the latter formed the basis of a memoir 

 on the "Arctic and North- Atlantic Foraminifera" ('Phil. Trans.,' 

 1865). With T. Rupert Jones, and afterwards with W. B. Carpenter 

 and H. B. Brady, Mr. Parker, down to 1873, described and illustrated 

 many groups and species of Foraminifera, recent and fossil (see 

 Sherborn's recent' Bibliography of Foramiaifera,' for these papers and 

 memoirs), thereby establishing more accurately a natural classifica- 

 tion of these Protozoa, determining their bathyonetrical conditions, 

 and therefore their value in geology. The important skare which he 

 took in the preparation of Dr. Carpenter's * Introduction to the 

 Study of the Foramiuifera,' 4to, published by the Kay Society in 

 1862, is acknowledged in the preface of that handsome volume. 

 That he did not neglect anatomical research is shown by memoirs in 

 the Proceedings aud Transactions of the Linnean, Zoological, and 

 Microscopical Societies on the osteology (chiefly .cranial) and syste- 

 matic position of Bcdwnic-eps (1860), Fterocles (1862)., Pcdamedea 

 (1863), Gallinaceous Birds and Tinaraous <1862 and 1866), Kagu 

 (1864 and 1869), Parrot (1865), Ostriches (1866), Microglossa (1865), 

 Common Fowl (1869), Eel ('Nature,' 1871), skull of Frog (1871), of 

 Crow (1872), Salmon, Tit, Sparrow-hawk, Thrushes, Sturgeon, Pig, 

 and -iEgithognathous Birds (187-3), Woodpecker And Passeres (1875). 

 In the meantime the Ray Society had brought out his valuable 

 ' Monograph on the Structure and Development of the Shoulder- 

 girdle and Sternum in the Vertebrata ' (1868) ; and his Presidential 

 addresses to the Royal Microscopical Society (1872, 1873), and notes 

 on the Archceopteryx (1864) and the fossil Bird bones from the 

 Zebbug Cave, Malta (1865 and 1862), had been published. Subse- 

 quently the Royal Society's Transactions contained his abundantly 

 illustrated memoirs on the skull of the Batrachia (1878 and 1880), 

 of the Urodelous Amphibia (1877), the Common Snake (1878), 

 Sturgeon (1882), Lepidosteus (1882), Edentata (1886), Insectivora 

 (1886), and his elaborate memoir on the development of the wing of 

 the Common Fowl (1888). In the ' Reports of the " Challenger " ' is 

 his memoir on the Greon Turtle (1880). Those on the Cypselidee 

 (' Zoologist,' 1889), on Twaipes (Dundee, 1889), the Duck and the 

 Auk (Dublin, 1890), Gallinaceous Birds (for the Linnean Society), 

 and the Hoatzin (Opistkocamus crist&tus) for the Zoological Society, 

 are his last works. 



In former times a skull was regarded as little more than a dry, 

 symmetrical, bony structure ; or, if it were the cartilaginous brain- 

 case of a shark, it was to most a aere dried museum specimen. 

 When, however, the gradations of the elements of the skull, from 

 embryonic beginnings, were traced until their mutual relations and 

 their Lomologues in other Vertebrates were established, light was 



