11 



own drawings, he was an excellent anatomical artist. Thus en- 

 couraged, Bowman studied constantly and carefully, and made many 

 records of cases and pathological drawings, some of which were pub- 

 lished in 1834, in illustration of Ryland's ' Essay on Diseases of the 

 Larynx and Trachea.' The' records of the cases and the coloured 

 engravings appear alike accurate, and are at least remarkable as the 

 work of a student only eighteen years old. 



In 1837 he entered as a pupil at King's College, and, after the 

 coarse of study usual at that time, became a Member of the College 

 of Surgeons in 1839. In the same year he was appointed a Demon- 

 strator of Anatomy and Curator of the Museum at King's College, 

 and he gave himself especially to the study of minute anatomy. The 

 improvements of microscopes and the facilities of working with them 

 had, at that time, so increased the range and importance of histology 

 (or general anatomy as it was then called), that it had become the 

 most attractive of all the subjects of biological research. It was only 

 in 1836, on the appointment of Dr. Sharpey at University College, 

 that it was, for the first time in any London school, separated from the 

 teaching of descriptive anatomy and combined with that of physio- 

 logy. Dr. Todd, soon after, taught it in the same method at King's 

 College, and Bowman worked with him and for him. Dexterous, 

 patient, loving completeness, and working after the manners of both 

 the naturalist and the artist, he soon attained great results, and they 

 were shown, especially, in four papers, illustrated with engravings 

 from his own drawings, which were published in 1840 and the follow- 

 ing two years. The first, " On the Structure and Movements of Volun- 

 tary Muscles," was published in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for 

 1840. It was followed, in the next volume, by an " Additional Note 

 on the Contraction of Voluntary Muscles " ; and in the volume for 

 1842 by a paper " On the Structure and Use of the Malpighian Bodies 

 of the Kidney"; and a paper " On the Minute Anatomy of Fatty 

 Degeneration of the Liver," was published in the ' Lancet,' of January 

 22, 1842. Among the speedy evidences of the value of these papers 

 were his election into the Royal Society in 1841, and the award of a 

 Royal Medal in 1842 ; but yet more complete evidence was and is in 

 their abiding reputation. Other anatomical essays of great value were 

 published by him between 1842 and 1851. They include the articles on 

 Mucous Membrane, Muscle, Muscular Motion, and Pacinian Bodies in 

 the ^Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology,' vol. 3; eight others 

 relating chiefly to muscles and the sense-organs, in the * Physiological 

 Anatomy and Physiology of Man,' which was published between 1843 

 aiid 1856, and of which Dr. Todd and himself were joint authors*: 

 and a small volume of " Lectures on the parts concerned in the 

 Operations on the Eye and on the Structure of the Retina," which 

 were given at the Royal Ophthalmic Hospital in 1847, and with which 



