480 Dr. V. Barley. Sugar as a Food [Dec. 14, 



furnishes the chromatic element to the daughter nucleus. The cell 

 walls rapidly meet in the centre, and their union is effected before 

 the reconstruction of the daughter nuclei. The spindle mass con- 

 tracts up to the middle of each of the four cells, and invests the young 

 nucleus in the same manner as was the case with the original body. 



Often during this part of the process there appeared to be two 

 nuclei in each spore cell, but I regard this as probably due to an 

 unequal contraction of the archoplasmic mass. In many of the 

 daughter nuclei the two chromosomes could be detected for some 

 little time, but they frequently become more numerous, and they 

 finally lose their distinctness and are impossible to trace, though I 

 leave, for the present at least, the question of their real permanence 

 an open one. 



[Since the above was written, I have seen a quadripolar spindle, 

 also in Aneura multifida. It is not so well marked as in A. pinguis, 

 and seems only to occur immediately before division. Its extremely 

 short duration is indicated by the fact that, although I possess several 

 hundred preparations, all fixed at nearly the same stage, in only two 

 of them is there unequivocal evidence of the existence of such a 

 spindle before the individualising of the chromosomes takes place. 

 November 21, 1893.] 



V. " Sugar as a Food in the Production of Muscular Work." 

 By VAUGHAN HARLEY, M.D., Teacher of Chemical Patho- 

 logy, University College, London, Grocer Research 

 Scholar. Communicated by GEORGE HARLEY, M.D., F.R.S. 

 Received November 22, 1893. 



It may be said to have been universally believed that proteids 

 were the essential producers of muscular work until the experiments 

 of Voit* and Pettenkoferf showed that, within certain limits, mus- 

 cular work can be produced by carbohydrates. They did this by 

 showing the relative amounts of nitrogen eliminated during muscular 

 activity and repose. Subsequently, Chauveau and Kaufmann J showed, 

 by comparing the quantity of sugar that disappeared from the blood 

 traversing a muscle while contracting and at rest, that four times 

 more sugar was used up during the period of muscular activity. 

 Having failed to find any further recorded facts regarding sugar as a 

 muscle food, I thought it desirable, in connexion with the investiga- 



* Voit, ' Ueber d. Einfluss d. Muskelbewegung auf d. Stoffwechsel.' Miinchen, 

 1860. 



t Petfcenkofer and Voit, ibid., vol. 2, p. 459, 1866. 

 t Chauveau and Kaufmann, ' Compt. Rendus,' vol. 103, 1886 ; vol. 104, 1887. 



