12 INTRODUCTION. 



wing closely approximated to or anastomosiug with 7 beyond the 

 cell, and vein 5 of fore wing from below middle of discocellulars, 

 giving rise to the TJi.i/rididce, Drejxmidce, and CaUidulidcr, with vein 

 1 c of hind wing absent ; (4) the Zygoenida', with the spurs of hind 

 tibiae small, the proboscis usually present, vein 8 of hind wing 

 connected with the cell by a bar, and usually retaining the primitive 

 vein 1 c of fore wing. 



From the Zygcenidce were developed : — (a) The EuscJiemonidce, with 

 clubbed antennae and without vein 1 c of each wing, giving rise by 

 the abortion of the frenulum to the various families of Pa-piliones, 

 of which the Hesperiadce are the most nearly related to them. 

 (h) The Castniadce, also with clubbed antennae but retaining vein 1 c 

 of each wing and with vein 8 widely separated from the cell from 

 base, giving rise to the NeocastniadcB with vein 1 c of both wings 

 and the proboscis aborted, (c) The Dalceridce *, with the proboscis 

 aborted, from which arose the Limacodidce with vein 8 of hind wing 

 anastomosing with the cell usually near the base but sometimes 

 beyond middle ; giving rise to the Megalopygidce with the mouth- 

 parts aborted and vein 8 of hind wing anastomosing with the 

 -cell to middle or near extremity, the Perophoi'idoi with vein 8 

 of hind wing remote from the cell from base and 1 c of fore 

 wing absent, their larvae being case-dweUers, the Chrysopolomidce 

 with the frenulum absent, vein 1 c of both wings present, and 

 vein 6 of fore wing from below middle of cell, the Endromidce 

 with the frenulum and vein 1 c of both wings absent and 8 of 

 hind wings connected with the cell by a bar, from which sprung 

 the Lasiocampidoi, with vein 8 of hind wing connected with 7 

 by a bar or anastomosing with it. (cZ) The Cossidm, with the tibial 

 spurs minute and the proboscis aborted, giving rise to the Ratardidcef 

 with the frenulum absent and vein 6 of fore wing from below 

 angle of discocellulars, and the Argyrotypidce J with vein 1 c of 

 fore wing absent, from which sprung the Arbelidce with the 

 frenulum also absent, (e) The Heterogynida' and PsycMda\ with 

 legless and wingless females and the proboscis aborted, the 

 latter with the females and larvae case-dwellers. 



In the Zygcenidce vein 5 of the fore wing often retains its primi- 

 tive medial position, whilst in aU the families hitherto considered 

 as having arisen from it, it has more or less migrated towards the 

 median nervure ; in the next group of families however (/) it 

 either retains its medial position or migrates towards the subcostal 

 nervure, and vein 1 c of both wings is absent ; of these the most 

 generalized are the Uraniadce, with vein 8 of the hind wing diverging 

 widely from the cell from base and 7 of fore wing remote from 8, 9 

 and usually stalked with 6 ; in some of its genera the abortion of the 

 frenulum and development of the base of costa of hind wing can be 



* Consisting of the genera Balcm'a, Acraga, and Pinconia from the 

 Neotropical region. 



t Consisting of the genus Batarda from India. 



J Containing the genera Argyroty]}m and Chrysotypus from Madagascar, 

 ;and Acousmaticus from Chili. 



