xiv CONTENTS 



CHAPTER III 



PAGE 



WATER 72 



I. Thermal Properties 80 



A. Specific Heat 80 



B. Latent Heat 92 



C. Thermal Conductivity 106 



D. Expansion before Freezing . . . .106 

 II. The Action of Water upon Other Substances 110 



A. Water as a Solvent Ill 



B. Ionization 118 



C. Surface Tension 126 



CHAPTER IV 



CARBONIC ACID 133 



I. Solubility 136 



II. Acidity . , 140 



CHAPTER V 



THE OCEAN 164 



I. The Regulation of Physico-chemical Conditions 16-4 



II. The Circulation of Water 180 



III. The Ocean as Environment .... 183 



CHAPTER VI 



THE CHEMISTRY OF THE THREE ELEMENTS . 191 



I. Organic Chemistry . . . . . .191 



A. Valence , 196 



B. Hydrocarbons 197 



