INTRODUCTION. IX 



palmate or digitate, when several diverge from the same point, compared to the 

 fingers of the hand. 



ternate, when three only start from the same point, in which case the distinction 

 between the palmate and pinnate arrangement often ceases, or can only be determined 

 by analogy with allied plants. A leaf with ternate lobes is called trifid. A leaf with 

 three leaflets is sometimes improperly called a ternate leaf: it is the leaflets that are 

 ternate ; the whole leaf is trifoliolate. Ternate leaves are leaves growing three together. 



pedate, when the division is at first ternate, but the two outer branches are 

 forked, the outer ones of each fork again forked, and so on, and all the branches are 

 near together at the base, compared vaguely to the foot of a bird. 



42. Leaves with pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaflets, are usually for shortness called 

 pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaves. If they are so cut into segments only, they are 

 usually said to be pinnatisect,palmatisect, pedatisect, etc., although the distinction be- 

 tween segments and leaflets is often unheeded in descriptions, and cannot indeed always 

 be ascertained. If the leaves are so cut only into lobes, they are said to be pinnatifid, 

 palmatifid, pedatifid, etc. 



43. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets, may be again toothed, lobed, divided, or 

 compounded. Some leaves are even three or more times divided or compounded. In 

 the latter case they are termed decompound. When twice or thrice pinnate (bipinnate 

 or tripinnate), each primary or secondary division, with the leaflets it comprises, is 

 called a, pinna. When the pinna of a leaf or the leaflets of a pinna are in pairs, with- 

 out an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna so divided is said to be abruptly 

 pinnate ; if there is an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna is unequally 

 pinnate (imparipinnatum) . 



44. The number of leaves or their parts is expressed adjectively by the following nu- 

 merals, derived from the Latin : — 



uni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinque-, sex-, septem-, octo-, novem-, decern-, multi- 

 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many- 



prefixed to a termination, indicating the particular kind of part referred to. Thus — 



unidentate, bidentate, multidentate, mean one-toothed, two-toothed, many-toothed, 

 etc. 



bifid, trifid, multifid, mean two-lobed, three-lobed, many-lobed, etc. 



unifoliolate, bifoliolate, multifoliolate, mean having one leaflet, two leaflets, many 

 leaflets, etc. 



unifoliate, bifoliate, multifoliate, mean having one leaf, two leaves, many leaves, 

 etc. 



biternate and tritemate, mean twice or thrice ternately divided. 



unijugate, bijugate, multijugate, etc., pinnae or leaflets, mean that they are in one, 

 two, many, etc., pairs (juga). 



45. Leaves or their parts, when flat, or any other flat organs in plants, are 

 linear, when long and narrow, at least four or five times as long as broad, falsely 



compared to a mathematical line, for a linear leaf has always a perceptible breadth. 



lanceolate, when about three or more times as long as broad, broadest below the 

 middle, and tapering towards the summit, compared to the head of a lance. 



cuneate, when broadest above the middle, and tapering towards the base, compared 

 to a wedge with the point downwards ; when very broadly cuneate and rounded at the 

 top, it is often csiHedflabelliform or fan- shaped. 



spathulate, when the broad part near the top is short, and the narrow tapering 

 part long, compared to a spatula or flat ladle. 



ovate, when scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader below the middle, 

 compared to the longitudinal section of an egg ; obovate is the same form, with the 

 broadest part above the middle. 



orbicular, oval, oblong, elliptical, rhomboidal, etc., when compared to the cor- 

 responding mathematical figures. 



transversely oblong, or oblate, when conspicuously broader than long. 



falcate, when curved like the blade of a scythe. 



46. Intermediate forms between any two of the above are expressed by combining 



