XX11 INTRODUCTION. 



Each of the two connate parts, and especially that one which is considered the smaller 

 or of the least importance, is said to be adnate to the other. 



free, when neither coherent nor connate. 



distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly visible 

 or distinctly limited. 



§ 13. The Fruit. 



146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower are 

 persistent (i.e. persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more or less 

 altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the period 

 of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to the ground with the 

 seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore. 



147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result of a single 

 flower, compound when they proceed from several flow.ers closely packed or combined 

 in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct carpels, 

 is compound in the sense in which that term is applied to the ovary, the terms single 

 and aggregate, proposed for the fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be more 

 appropriately adopted. In descriptive botany a fruit is always supposed to result from 

 a single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like the pistil, be syncarpous 

 or apocarpous (125) ; and as in many cases carpels united in the flower may become 

 separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous pistil. 



148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but very 

 seldom so in single ones. 



149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when ripe it 

 falls off with the fruit, it i3 considered as forming part of it. 



150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and forms 

 part of the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the calyx of perigy- 

 nous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the lobes alone 

 fall off, or the lobes fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the insertion of 

 the petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off, including the disk bear- 

 ing the petals. The calyx of hypogynous flowers usually falls off entirely or persists 

 entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When it persists 

 it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up. 



151. The corolla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists it is usually withered and 

 dry (marcescent), or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 



152. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of their filaments persists, usually 

 withered and dry. 



153. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears ; sometimes persists, 

 forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage 

 to the fruit. 



154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever ad- 

 heres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the persistent 

 receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the ovary without adhe- 

 ring to it. 



155. Fruits have often external appendages called wings (alee), beaks, crests, awns, 

 etc., according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent parts of the 

 flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of the 

 calyx. If the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is 

 called a pappus. 



156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy, pulpy, and juicy 

 fruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out the seeds, 

 indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. Succu- 

 lent fruits are usually indehiscent. 



157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 



the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with 

 the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Epicarp. The seeds themselves are 

 usually immersed in the pulp ; but in some berries, the seeds are separated from the 



