44 



ALCOHOLS 



[13 B-14. 



19, 684, abst. from Zeit. Spiritusind. 

 23, 183). 



[C.] From glycerol [48], methyl 

 alcohol being among the products formed 

 by the dry distillation of the calcium 

 compound (Destrem, Ann. Chim. [5] 

 27, 20; Com p. Rend. 90, 1213) or by 

 heating the sodium compound above 

 245 (Fernbach, Bull. Soc. [2] 34, 146). 



[D.] From formic aldehyde [91] by 

 heating with strong sodium hydroxide 

 solution (Low, Ber. 20, 144) or lime 

 water (Ibid. 21, 271), or by the pro- 

 longed action of potassium hydroxide 

 solution at ordinary temperatures (Dele'- 

 pine, Bull. Soc. [3] 17, 938 : see also 

 Comp. Rend. 123, 1 20 ; Bull. Soc. [3] 

 16, 997, and Lieben, Monats. 22, 289). 



[E.] From formic acid [Vol. II], 

 methyl alcohol being among the pro- 

 ducts formed by the dry distillation of 

 the calcium salt (Friedel and Silva, 

 Bull. Soc. [2] 19, 481; Comp. Rend. 

 76, 1545; Lieben and Paternb, Ann. 

 167, 293 ; Gazz. 3, 290). 



[P.] From acetic acid [Vol. II] by 

 acting with iodine on the silver salt 

 and hydrolysing the methyl acetate 

 formed (Simonini, Monats. 13, 320 ; 

 see also Birnbaum, Ann. 162, ill). 

 Methyl acetate is among the products 

 of electrolysis of potassium acetate in 

 aqueous solution (Kolbe, Ann. 69, 279), 

 especially in presence of acid (Petersen, 

 Ch. Centr. 1897, 2, 518). The alcohol 

 is produced by electrolysis from sodium 

 or potassium acetate in presence of 

 sodium perchlorate (Hofer and Moest, 

 Ann. 323, 284). 



[G.] From methylamine [Vol. II] by 

 the action of nitrous acid (Linnemann, 

 Zeit. [2] 4, 284). 



[H.] From trimethylamine [Vol. II] 

 through methyl chloride by heating the 

 dry hydrochloride (Vincent, Journ. 

 Pharm. [4] 30, 132). From methyl 

 chloride as above under B. 



[I.] From ethyl alcohol [14] through 

 chloral by chlorination. Methyl chloride 

 is among the products of reduction of 

 chloral by zinc or iron dust in aqueous 

 solution (Cotton, Bull. Soc. [2] 42, 622). 



[J.] From aldehyde [92] through 

 chloral (see under methane [l ; I]), and 

 then as above under I. 



[K.] From malonic acid [Vol. II] by 

 electrolysis of a solution of the potas- 

 sium salt (Petersen, Zeit. physik. Ch. 33, 



14. Ethyl Alcohol; 

 Methyl Carbiiiol ; Ethauol. 



CH 3 . CH 2 . OH 



NATURAL SOURCES. 



Ethyl alcohol is contained in the 

 steam distillate from grass and leaves 

 previously macerated in very dilute 

 sulphuric acid (Lieben, Monats. 19, 

 333). According to Berthelot (Comp. 

 Rend. 128, 1366 ; see also Devaux, 

 Ibid. 1346) alcohol is formed in the 

 tissues of growing plants (wheat and 

 hazel). 



Alcohol is formed by the cells of 

 plants from carbohydrates by 'intra- 

 cellular respiration ' when they are 

 insufficiently supplied with oxygen 

 (J. R. Green's 'Soluble Ferments and 

 Fermentation/ p. 327 et seq. ; Lafar's 

 'Technical Mycology/ Vol. II, p. 78; 

 Pasteur, Comp. Rend. 75, 1054 ; Le- 

 chartier and Bellamy, Comp. Rend. 79, 

 949; 1006; 81, 1129; Brefeld, Land- 

 wirth. Jahrbuch, 6 ; De Luca, Ann. 

 Sci. Nat. [6], 6 ; Miintz, Comp. Rend. 

 86, 49; Ann. Chim. [5] 13, 543; 

 Gerber, Ann. Sci. Nat. [8] 4 : for 

 production of alcohol by intracellular 

 respiration in beet see Strohmer, Zeit. 

 Zucker. 24, 685 ; v. Lippmann, Ber. 

 31, 677 ; by peas, Godlewski and Pol- 

 zeniusz, Bied. Centr. 27, 135 ; Journ. 

 Ch. Soc. 74, II, Abst. 400; SO, II, 

 Abst. 618; Ch. Centr. 1901,2,595; 

 Maze, Comp. Rend. 128, 1608 ; Ann. 

 Inst. Past. 16, 195 ; Takahashi, Bull. 

 Coll. Agric. Tokio, 5, 243 ; by deep 

 tissues of woody stems, Devaux, Comp. 

 Rend. 128, 1346 : for general sum- 

 mary see also J. R. Green's address to 

 the Brit. Assoc. Belfast, 1902 : for 

 isolation of the enzyme causing anaero- 

 bic cellular respiration in higher animals 

 and plants see Stoklasa and Czerny, 

 Ber. 36, 622). 



Ethyl alcohol is formed by yeast as 

 a product of auto-fermentation (Har- 



