48-C.J 



GLYCEROL 



97 



NOTE : For further information on distribu- 

 tion of esters of glycerol see under the respective 

 fatty acids in Vol. II of this work. For synthesis 

 of esters see paper by Scheij, Rec. Tr. Ch. 18, 

 169 ; Ch. Centr. 1899, 2, 20. 



Glycerol is formed as a secondary 

 product of the alcoholic fermentation 

 of sugars by Saccharomycetes (Pasteur, 

 Comp. Rend. 46, 857 ; 47, 224), and 

 also of dextrose, laevulose, and maltose 

 by O'idium albicans (Linossier and Roux, 

 Comp. Rend. 110, 355 and 868). 

 According to Udranszky (Zeit. physiol. 

 Ch. 13, 549) glycerol can be formed by 

 yeast independently of alcoholic fer- 

 mentation. 



Glycerol is formed from cane-sugar 

 by fermentation with the mould Mucor 

 racemoms (Emmerling, Ber. 30, 454). 



The quantity of glycerol produced 

 from various sugars during alcoholic 

 fermentation appears to be inversely 

 proportional to the activity of the yeast 

 (Laborde, Comp. Rend. 129, 344 : this 

 paper discusses the various conditions 

 determining the fluctuation in the 

 quantity of glycerol). 



The glycerol found in fermented 

 liquids may in part arise from the 

 action of an oleolytic enzyme present 

 in yeast on the fats of the yeast itself 

 (Delbriick, Abst. in Journ. Fed. Inst. 

 8, 243)- 



Glycerol is among the products of 

 fermentation by the mould-fungus 

 Eurotiopis gayoni (Duclaux, Journ. Fed. 

 Inst. 6, 412). 



Mycoderma vini I can produce gly- 

 cerol (1-5 per cent, in fourteen weeks) 

 in a nutrient solution containing alcohol 

 and malic acid (Seifert, as quoted by 

 Klocker, ' Die Garungsorganismen, &c/ 

 p. 242). 



According to Schultz Mycoderma vini 

 can transform 7 per cent, of alcohol 

 into glycerol in appropriate solution 

 (Van Laer, Journ. Fed. Inst. 7, 351). 

 Species of Mycoderma grown in nutrient 

 solutions containing saccharose and 

 maltose produce traces of glycerol 

 (Ibid.). 



The mannitol ferment of Gayon and 

 Dubourg can produce glycerol from 

 most sugars (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 15, 



527)- 



Glycerol is found in the gastric juice 



(? hydrolysis of fats ; Nencki and Sieber, 

 Zeit. physiol. Ch. 32, 291). 



SYNTHETICAL PROCESSES. 



[A.] From normal [15] or isopropyl 

 alcohol [16] through propylene (see 

 under isopropyl alcohol [16 ; B] : also 

 LeBel and Greene, Am. Ch. Journ. 2, 

 23; Beilstein and Wiegand, Ber. 15, 

 1498 ; Friedel and Silva, Jahresber. 

 1873, 322; Mouneyrat, Bull. Soc. [3] 

 21, 616 : for pyrogenic contact pro- 

 duction of propylene from isopropyl 

 alcohol see Ipatieff, Ber. 35, 1056), 

 propylene chloride by combination with 

 chlorine, i : 2, : 3-trichlorpropane (tri- 

 chlorhydrin) by heating with iodine 

 chloride (Friedel and Silva, Zeit. [2] 

 7, 683), and the action of water at 180 

 on the trichlorpropane (Ibid. Comp. 

 Rend. 74, 805; 76, 1594; Bull. Soc. 

 [2] 20, 98). Also from propylene 

 through propylene bromide, 1:3:3- 

 tribrompropane (tribromhydrin) by 

 heating the latter with bromine in the 

 presence of iron (Kronstein, Ber. 24, 

 4246), triacetin by the action of silver 

 acetate, and hydrolysis (Wurtz, Ann. 

 102, 340). 



According to Schorlemmer propylene 

 chloride and I : 2 : 3-trichlorpropane can 

 be obtained by the direct chlorination 

 of propane (Proc. Roy. Soc. 17, 372; 

 Ann. 150, 214; 152, 159), so that 

 generators of the latter (see under 

 n-propyl alcohol [15; A; B; C; D, 

 &c.]) become generators of glycerol. 



According to Mouneyrat tribrom- 

 hydrin is among the products of the 

 action of bromine on propylene bromide 

 in presence of aluminium bromide (Bull. 

 Soc. [3] 19, 805). 



The following synthetical products 

 are generators of propylene, and there- 

 fore of glycerol by the above methods : 



[B.] Amyl alcohols of fusel oil [22] 

 by passing the vapour through a hot 

 tube (Reynolds, Journ. Ch. Soc. 3, 1 1 1 ; 

 Ann. 77, 118; Wurtz, Ann. 104,242), 

 or by pyrogenic contact decomposition 

 (Ipatieff. T*er. 35, 1053). 



[C and oxalic adds [Vol. II] 



by ' . 6 ct mixture of calcium oxalate 



H 



