174 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES : FATTY GROUP [91 FF-92 A. 



its incomplete combustion (Mulliken, 

 Brown, and French, Am. Ch. Journ. 

 25, ui). 



NOTE : Generators of pentane as given under 

 n-amyl alcohol [20, B ; C ; D, &c.] are : acetic 

 acid ; acetone [106], acetic acid and ethyl alcohol 

 [14] ; pyridine ; piperidine ; methyl and n-butyl 

 alcohols [13 ; 17] ; ethyl and n-propyl alcohols [14 ; 

 15]. 



Generators of hexane are also generators of 

 pentane (see under n-amyl alcohol [20 ; G ; H ; 

 I ; J]). For similar production from isopentane 

 see v. Stepsld, Monats. 23, 773. 



[G-G.] From citric acid [Vol. II] 

 through acetonedicarboxylic, /i-oxyglu- 

 taric, vinylacetic, and crotonic acid (see 

 under n-propyl alcohol [15 ; W]). From 

 crotonic acid as above under J. 



[HH.] Methylamine [Vol. II] gives 

 the oxime of formic aldehyde among 

 the products of its oxidation by mono- 

 persulphuric acid (Bamberger and Selig- 

 man, Ber. 35, 4299). 



92. Acetic Aldehyde ; Acetalde- 

 hycle ; Ethanal. 



CH 3 

 H.C:O 



NATURAL SOURCES. 



A product of the anaerobic fermenta- 

 tion of sugar (Schutzenberger and 

 Destrem, Jahresber. 1879, 1007 : see 

 also Roeser, Ann. Inst. Past. 7, 41). 

 The production of aldehyde from 

 sugar by Mucor racemosus was first 

 observed by Fitz (Ber. 6, 48 : the 

 mould is erroneously named M. mucedo 

 in this paper) and by M. circeUino'ides 

 by Gay on (Ann. Chim. [5] 14, 285 ; 

 Cornp. Rend. 86, 52 ; Bull. Soc. [2] 31, 



I39)- 



Among the products of the methane 



fermentation of cellulose by bacteria 

 from intestine of oxen (see under 

 methane [l]). A product of the al- 

 coholic fermentation of dextrose and 

 Ia3vulose by O'ifliiim albicans (Linossier 

 and Roux, Comp. Rend. 110, 355; 868; 

 Bull. Spc. [3] 4, 704). 



Aldehyde (trace) was found among 

 the products of fermentation of saccha- 



rose by an ellipsoidal yeast (Claudon 

 and Morin, Comp. Rend. 104, 1109; 

 Bull. Soc. [2] 49, 178). 



Aldehyde is a product of fermentation 

 by the mould-fungus, Eurotiopsis gayoni 

 (Duclaux, Journ. Fed. Inst. 6, 412). 

 This mould can produce aldehyde from 

 lactic acid when grown in a nutrient 

 solution containing the acid (Maze, 

 Comp. Rend. 134, 240: see also Ann. 

 Inst. Past. 16, 433) and probably from 

 dextrose through alcohol (Ibid. Ann. 

 Inst. Past. 16, 346). 



According to Bb'ttinger, aldehyde is 

 invariably present in fermentation acetic 

 acid (Ch. Zeit. 24, 793). 



Aldehyde is among the products of 

 fermentation of dextrose by Dunbar's 

 and other Vibrios (Gosio : quoted by 

 Emmerling, ' Die Zersetzung stickstoff- 

 freier organischer Substanzen durch 

 Bakterien/ pp. 47 and 56), and of starch 

 by Bacillus suaveolens (Sclavo and Gosio, 

 Bied. Centr. 2O, 419; Journ. Ch. Soc. 

 60, abst. 1284). 



Aldehyde occurs in certain brandies, 

 in the first runnings from the rectifica- 

 tion of crude spirit, and in certain fusel 

 oils (see, for instance, Pierre and Puchot, 

 Ann. 163, 253 ; Kramer and Pinner, 

 Ber. 2, 403; 4, 787; Kekule, Ber. 4, 

 718 ; Rabuteau, Comp. Rend. 87, 501 ; 

 Ordonneau, Comp. Rend. 102, 217; 

 Allen, Journ. Fed. Inst. 3, 38 and 43). 

 It is doubtful whether the aldehyde in 

 these cases is of biochemical origin or 

 due to secondary oxidation. 



Acetic aldehyde occurs in American 

 oil of peppermint (Power and Kleber, 

 Pharm. Rund. 12, 157 ; Arch. Pharm. 

 232, 639 ; Zeit. anal. Ch. 33, 762) and 

 in the first (aqueous) distillates from 

 oil of camphor from Lanrus campJiora 

 (Gildemeister and Hoffmann, p. 485), 

 and from oil of aniseed from Pimpinelta 

 anisum (Ibid. 734). 



SYNTHETICAL PROCESSES. 



[A.] From acetylene (see under 

 methane [l ; A]), by absorption of this 

 gas by 1-35 sp. gr. sulphuric acid, 

 and distillation of the product with 

 water (Lagermark and Eltekoff, Ber. 

 10, .637 : see also Zeisel, Ann. 191, 372 ; 



