154.] 



DEXTROSE 



245 



general summary ; ' Les Sucres,' Paris, 

 1900, p. 646). Sacch. apiculatus does 

 not directly ferment maltose (Amthor, 

 Zeit. physiol. Ch. 12, 558). The ' koji ' 

 ferment (see above) produces dextrose 

 from maltose (Kozai, Centr. Bakter. II, 



6, 385). 



Lactose or milk-sugar is hydrolysed 



into dextrose and galactose (Bouchardat, 

 Ann. Chim. [4] 27, 68 ; Kent and 

 Tollens, Ann. 227, 22 1). The lactic 

 bacteria can effect this hydrolysis (Von 

 Freudenreich, Centr. Bakter. II, 6, 



332). 



Frohberg yeast is capable of hydro- 

 lysing the biose trehalose (Fischer, Ber. 

 28, 1432 ; Kalanthar, Zeit. physiol. 

 Ch. 26, 88). Trehalose is slowly fer- 

 mented by certain yeasts, such as Saatz 

 (surface and sedimentary), Frohberg 

 (surface), Logos, Sacch, ellipsoideiis and 

 paslorianus, and by Monilia Candida with 

 the formation of dextrose ; other species 

 (Sacck. apiculafus and ponibe) are with- 

 out action (Bau, Ch. Centr. 1899, 2, 



13)- 



Certain mould-fungi such as Asper- 



ffillus niger, Penicillium glaucum, and 

 Volvaria speciosa contain an enzyme, by 

 virtue of which they hydrolyse trehalose 

 with the formation of dextrose (Bourque- 

 lot, Comp. Rend, lie, 826 ; Bull. Soc. 

 Mycol. 9, 189). Bacillus fluorescens 

 liquefaciens slowly hydrolyses trehalose 

 (Emmerling and Reiser, Ber. 35, 702). 



Strophanthin from the seeds of Stro- 

 jj/ianthus kombe yields on hydrolysis 

 (with strophantidin) a carbohydrate, 

 ' strophantobiose methyl ether/ which 

 on further hydrolysis gives mannose, 

 rhamnose, and dextrose (Feist, Ber. 33, 

 2095). 



Raffinose (melitriose) is hydrolysed 

 by Aspergillus niger with the formation 

 of melibiose and finally dextrose and 

 galactose (Gillot, Bull. Acad. Roy. 

 Belg. 1899, 211 ; Ch. Centr. 1899, 2, 

 129). 



Melibiose is not affected by surface 

 yeast, but is resolved into dextrose and 

 d-galactose, and finally fermented by 

 sedimentary yeast (Bau, Woch. Brau. 

 16, 397 ; Fischer and Lindner, Ber. 28, 

 SOS/))' The resolution of raffinose by 

 feeble ferments was observed by Ber- 



thelot (Comp. Rend. 109, 548), and 

 the product identified as melibiose by 

 Scheibler and Mittelmeier (Ber. 22, 

 3118). 



Gentianose (? a triose), contained in 

 gentian root, is hydrolysed by dilute 

 sulphuric acid or the enzyme of Asper- 

 gillus niger into dextrose (2 mols.) and 

 Isevulose (i mol.). The gentiobiose 

 obtained (with Isevulose) by partial 

 hydrolysis gives dextrose (2 mols.) on 

 complete hydrolysis (Bourquelot and 

 Herissey, Comp. Rend. 132, 571 ; 135, 



399)- 



Melezitose, a triose found in the 

 mannas from Pinus larix, &c v is re- 

 solved by hydrolysing agents (dilute 

 acids or the enzyme of Aspergillns niger) 

 into dextrose and the biose turanose, 

 the latter giving dextrose as a final 

 product of hydrolysis (Ibid. Journ. 

 Pharm. [6] 4, 385 ; Alekhine, Ann. 

 Chim. [6] 18, 532). 



Starch is saccharified with the pro- 

 duction of dextrin, maltose, and dextrose 

 by the mould-fungi used in making the 

 Javanese c raggi ' (see under ethyl alco- 

 hol [14] for full references). The 

 species chiefly concerned are Chlamydo- 

 mucor oryzce and Rhizopus oryzce. The 

 ferment (' koji ') used in the above pro- 

 cess can produce dextrose from raffinose 

 (Kozai, Zeit. Bakter. II, 6, 385). The 

 mould-fungi concerned in the produc- 

 tion of the Japanese ' sake ' can also 

 saccharify starch (see under ethyl alco- 

 hol [14] for references). 



The ferments concerned in the pro- 

 duction of the Japanese ' awamori ' 

 comprise, among others, the starch- 

 saccharifying Aspergilhis htchuensis of 

 Inui (Journ. Imp. Coll. Sci. Tokio, 

 1901, 15; Journ. Fed. Inst. 8, Abst. 



529). 



The mould-fungus Mucor erectus can 

 resolve starch into dextrose among other 

 carbohydrates (see under ethyl alcohol 

 [14]). Mucor (Amylomyces) roiixii of 

 Calmette, which is contained in Chinese 

 yeast, is capable of hydrolysing starch 

 (see under ethyl alcohol [14] for refer- 

 ences : for industrial formation of 

 dextrose by Mucor or Aspergilhis see 

 Calmette's Fr. Pat., Journ. Fed. Inst. 

 7, 392). Mucor /3- and y- Amylomyces } 



