246 



CARBOHYDRATES AND GLUCOSIDES 



[154-E. 



found on Japanese and Tonquin rice 

 respectively, are starch saccharifying 

 moulds (Sitnikoff and Rommal, Journ. 

 Fed. Inst. 7, 112). Chinese yeast from 

 Cambodia contains Mucor cambodia, 

 which also can saccharify starch 

 (Chrzascz, Zeit. Bakter. II, 7, 326). 



A Honilia (? M. sitopfiila, Saccardo) 

 found on earth-nuts in Java can 

 saccharify starch (Went, Centr. Bakter. 

 II, 7, 544; 591 ; also Journ. Ch. Soc. 

 80, II, Abst. 412). 



Bacillus anthracis can produce sugar 

 (? dextrose) from starch (Maumus, 

 Comp. Rend. Soc. Biol. 1893, IO 7)- 

 Starch is slowly hydrolysed by Bacillus 

 fluorescens liquefaciens (Emmerling and 

 Reiser, Ber. 35, 702). Dextrose is 

 among- the products of hydrolysis of 

 starch by Bacillus suaveolens (Sclavo 

 and Gosio, Bied. Centr. 2O, 419 ; Journ. 

 Ch. Soc. 60, Abst. 1284). 



Dextrose is present as a normal con- 

 stituent of the blood of man and 

 animals, and of the lymph, chyle, and 

 urine (Miura, Zeit. Biol. 32, 279; 

 Seegen, Ber. 21, Ref. 849; Abeles, 

 Ibid. 850 ; Pickardt, Zeit. physiol. Ch. 

 17, 217 ; Bence Jones, Journ. Ch. Soc. 

 14, 22 ; Baisch, Zeit. physiol. Ch. 19, 

 338; 20, 249; Quinquaud, Comp. 

 Rend. Soc. Biol. 41, 285 : for occur- 

 rence in normal blood of hen see Saito 

 and Katsuyama, Zeit. physiol. Ch. 32, 

 231). It has been found also in the 

 aqueous humour of the eye (Pautz, 

 Zeit. Biol. 31, 212), in aqueous extract 

 of liver (Seegen and Kratschmer, 

 Pfliiger's Arch. 22, 206; 24, 52), in 

 muscle (Panormoff", Zeit. physiol. Ch. 

 17 > 596), and in the cerebrospinal 

 fluid (Nawratzki, Du Bois-Reymond's 

 Arch. 1897, p. 136; Ch. Centr. 1897, 



*> I2 37)- 



The source of dextrose in the animal 

 body is probably glycogen, the latter 

 giving dextrose on hydrolysis (Berthe- 

 lot and De Luca, Comp. Rend. 49, 

 213 ; Ann. Chim. [3] 58, 448 ; Kiilz 

 and Vogel, Zeit. Biol. 23, 100 ; 108). 



Sugar is present in considerable 

 quantity in the blood and urine in 

 cases of diabetes. The sugar is ordinary 

 dextrose (Thenard, 1806; Chevreul, 

 Ann. Chim. [i] 95, 319 ; Bouchardat, 



Comp. Rend/6, 337 ; Peligot, Ibid. 7, 

 106; Ann. Chim. [2] 67, 113; Le 

 Goff, Comp. Rend. 127, 817; Patein 

 and Dufau, Ibid. 128, 375). 



Dextrose occurs in the urine in cases 

 of diaceturia (Kobert, Ch. Centr. 1900, 

 2, 920), and is formed by muscular 

 fibre and in the liver after death 

 (Cadeac and Maignon, Comp. Rend. 

 134, 1443). 



SYNTHETICAL PROCESSES. 



[A.] From formic aldehyde [91] or 

 glycerol [48] through a-acrose, a-acrosa- 

 zone, a-acrosone, i-fructose, i-mannitol, 

 i-mannose, i-mannonic acid, and d- 

 mannonic acid (see under mannitol 

 [51 ; A]). The latter acid on heating 

 with quinoline at 140-150 is converted 

 (partially) into d-gluconic acid [Vol. II], 

 which can be separated from unaltered 

 mannontc acid by removing the latter 

 as brucine salt. d-Gluconic acid gives 

 dextrose = d-glucose on reduction with 

 sodium amalgam in acid solution 

 (Fischer, Ber. 23, 799; 2611). 



[B.] From acetone [106] through 

 acrole'in [101] and a-acrose (see under 

 mannitol [51; G]). 



[C.] From tartaric acid [Vol. II] 

 through glycollic aldehyde and a-acrose 

 [51; G]. 



NOTE : Other generators of glycollic alde- 

 hyde, viz. acetal [93], ethyl alcohol [14], and 

 choline ["Vol. II], are referred to under furfural 

 [126 ; F ; G ; H]. 



[D.] Sorbifol [52] gives dextrose on 

 oxidation with dilute potassium per- 

 manganate solution (Vincent and Dela- 

 chanal, Comp. Rend. 108, 354), with 

 bromine and water (Ibid. Ill, 51 : see 

 also Fischer, Ber. 23, 3686), or with 

 hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate 

 (Fenton, Trans. Ch. Soc. 75, 10). 



[E.] Lcevulose [155], under the in- 

 fluence of dilute caustic alkali, gives 

 (with mannose and ' glutose '} dextrose 

 (Lobry de Bruyn and Van Eckenstein, 

 Rec. Tr. Ch. 14, 156; 203; 16, 274; 

 282; Ber. 28, 3078). The salts of 

 weak organic acids at 100 and (to 

 a less extent) those of mineral acids 

 in aqueous solution are also capable 

 of transforming Isevulose into dextrose 



