176-177.] 



Amomum cardamomum (Schimmel's Ber. 

 loc. cit.}, and in lavender oil (Ibid. April, 

 1903 ; Ch. Centr. 1903, l, 1086; Chara- 

 bot, Bull. Soc. [3] 17, 380). 



1-Borneol occurs in Chinese Ngai 

 camphor from Blumea balsamifera 

 (Plowman, Pharm. Journ. [3] 4, 710; 

 Fliickiger, Ibid. 829 ; Hanbury, Jahres- 

 ber. 1874, 537; SchimmeFs Ber. April, 

 1895), as ester of formic, acetic, buty- 

 ric, and isovaleric acids in the oil 

 of valerian (Gerhardt, Ann. 45, 34 ; 

 Bruylants, Ber. 11, 452; Haller, Ann. 

 Chim. [6] 27, 396 ; Oliviero, Comp. 

 Rend. 117, 1096; Bull. Soc. [3] 11, 

 150; 13, 917), as ester of acetic and 

 isovaleric acids in oil of kesso from 

 Valeriana officinalis var. angustifolia 

 (Bertram and Gildemeister, Arch. 

 Pharm. 228, 483), in citronella oil 

 from Andropogon nardus (SchimmeFs 

 Ber. April, 1894), in oil of feverfew, 

 Matricaria (Pyrethrum) parthenium (Ibid. 

 Oct. 1 894), and in oil of Asarum cana- 

 dense (Power and Lees, Proc. Ch. Soc. 

 17, 210). 



1-Bornyl acetate is contained in the 

 oils from many Coniferse : Abies cana- 

 densis (oil of hemlock), A. pectinata, 

 A. sibirica, Picea vulgaris, P. nigra (or 

 ? alba, spruce oil), P. excelsa, Pinus 

 pumilio, P. montana (Bertram and Wal- 

 baum, Arch. Pharm. 231, 290 ; Schim- 

 meFs Ber. Oct. 1897 ; Ch. Centr. 1898, 

 1, 258 ; Hirschsohn, Pharm. Zeit. f. 

 Russland, 1892, No. 38; Kremers, 

 Pharm. Rund. 13, 135 ; Hunkel, Pharm. 

 Rev. 14, 35). 



Borneols or their esters (chiefly ace- 

 tates) are found also in larch needle oil 

 from Larix decidua (Schimmel & Co. 

 loc. cit.), in Swedish oil from Pinus 

 sylvestris (Bertram and Walbaum, loc. 

 cit.), in Virginian snake-root oil from 

 Aristolochia serpentaria (Spica, Gazz. 

 17, 313), probably in the oil of Aristo- 

 lochia reticulata (Peacock, Am. Journ. 

 Pharm. 63, 257; Ch. Centr. 1891, 2, 

 379), in oil of golden rod from Solidago 

 sp. (SchimmeFs Ber. Oct. 1891 ; April, 

 1894; April, 1897), in oil of thyme 

 from Thymus vulgaris (Ibid. Oct. 1 894), 

 and (d- and 1- modifications) in oil of 

 sage from Salvia officinalis (Ibid. Oct. 

 1895). Bornyl acetate is contained 



273 



also in the oil of Satureia thymbra from 

 Spain (Ibid. Oct. 1889). 



According to Jeanjean (Ann. 1O1, 

 95) the fusel oil of brandy obtained 

 from the spirit produced by the fer- 

 mentation of the sugar from the madder 

 root contains 1-borneol (see Beilste'in's 

 ' Handbuch/ III, 471). 



SYNTHETICAL PROCESSES. 



[A.] From camphor [175] by heating 

 with alcoholic potash (Berthelot, Ann. 

 Chim. [3] 56, 78). Camphor by the 

 action of sodium per se or by reduction 

 with sodium in alcoholic or moist ethe- 

 real solution gives borneol, the optically 

 isomeric camphors yielding to a pre- 

 ponderating extent the corresponding 

 borneols (Baurigny, Zeit. [2] 2, 408; 

 3, 71; 4, 208; 481; 687; Kachler, 

 Ann. 197, 99 ; Montgolfier, Ann. Chim. 

 [5] 14, 21 ; 38; Jackson and Menke, 

 Am. Ch. Journ. 5, 270 ; 6, 406 ; 

 Kachler and Spitzer, Monats. 5, 50; 

 Immendorff, Ber. 17, 1038; Wallach, 

 Ann. 230, 225 ; Haller, Comp. Rend. 

 1O5, 227; Ann. Chim. [6] 27, 416; 

 Briihl, Ber. 24, 3384; Beckmann, 

 Germ. Pat. 42458 of 1887; Ber. 21, 

 Ref. 321; Ann. 250, 322; Ber. 22, 

 912 : for electrolytic reduction of cam- 

 phor to borneol see Tafel and Schmitz, 

 Zeit. Electroch. 8, 288). By the action 

 of sodium on camphor d- and isoborneol 

 are formed (Bertram and "Walbaum, 

 Journ. pr. Ch. [2] 49, 15 ; Beckmann, 

 Ibid, 55, 35). 



[B.] From cawphene [177] through 

 camphor [175 ; C], and then as above 

 under A. 



177. Campheue. 



HC CH CH 2 



H,C . C . CH, 



HC- 



-CH, 



CH 3 



NATURAL SOURCES. 



1-Camphene is contained in citronella 

 oil from Andropogon nardus (SchimmeFs 

 Ber. Oct. 1893 5 Bertram and Walbaum, 

 Journ. pr. Ch. [2] 49, 16), in kesso oil 



