DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER. 389 



penis will usually be found retracted. The hand, being well oiled, must 

 iirst be passed up the sheath, and the penis must be grasped and gradu- 

 ally brought forward, and held by an assistant. A flexible catheter, well 

 oiled, should then be introduced and gradually pushed forward, and, 

 when its point reaches the perineum, it should be guided forward and 

 inwards by gentle pressure with the lingers. 



If an obstruction, such as a calculus exists, it must, if possible, be re- 

 moved by gentle manipulation. An endeavour made to direct it into the 

 urethra and to guide it forward. If very small, it may perhaps be ex- 

 pelled, by the force of the urine, or it may be gradually manipulated 

 forward, and then possibly extracted with a small forceps from the point 

 of the penis. If, however, it is of any size, it will not pass the curvature 

 of the urethra, and then can only be removed by an operation. Hydro- 

 chloric acid given twice a day in doses of two drachms in a pint of water 

 will in some cases, where the calculus is small or in small fragments, or 

 where no urgent symptoms are present, be successful in dissolving the 

 concretion.- 



799. After-treatment. 



In all the above cases, the after-treatment consists in careful avoidance 

 of the causes, which may have induced the attack, in good nursing, spare 

 diet, and the administration of tonics. Especial care must be taken that 

 the animal be not subjected, for some time at least, to exposure or over- 

 hard work. 



800. Bloody Urine. 



Bloody Urine may arise from inflammation of the mucous lining of the 

 kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethral canal; or from sympathy with in- 

 flammation arising from sprain of the muscles in the neighbourhood of 

 the kidneys. It may also be due to an escape of the colouring matter of 

 the blood, without any inflammation being present. Careful chemical 

 and microscopical examination of the urine will assist in correctly diagnos- 

 ing these obscure cases. 



The general treatment in such cases is rest and laxative diet, especially 

 grass. Linseed tea should also be given. 



More rarely this disease arises from weakness of the urinary organs, 

 and must then be treated by the administration of tonics. Half a drachm 

 each of nitric and muriatic acid with half an ounce to one ounce of the 

 tincture of gentian, or half a pint of the infusion daily will answer 

 exceedingly well. Some Veterinarians prefer to give diluted sulphuric 

 acid in doses of a drachm three times a day. 



Bloody Urine is a somewhat uncommon disease in the horse. Covering 

 stallions, however, sometimes suffer from it, probably on account of the 

 amount of stimulants often given them by their care-takers. 



In hot countries, it is very common among horses in high condition for 

 the urine to be deeply stained. This is not due to the presence of blood, 

 but to an excess of colouring matter, the result of functional derangement 

 of the liver. A simple laxative will in such cases invariably effect a cure. 



